1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)
Permanent URI for this communityhttp://localhost:4000/handle/123456789/1
Browse
9 results
Search Results
Item Morphological and biochemical variations in adhatoda types (Adhatoda spp.)(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Manjusha, C M; Alice KurianItem In vitro callus induction and its exploitation in Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr.(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1999) Sindhu, M; Kesavachandran, RThe present investigations were carried out in the Plant Tissue Culture and Biochemistry Laboratories, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during the year 1997-1999. The study was undertaken with the objective to standardise the in vitro techniques for callus induction, proliferation and regeneration. It was also envisaged to identify and quantify the active principle in in vitro cultures. Surface sterilisation treatments were standardised for the different types of explants from the field. For immature fruits and leaves, the sterilisation treatment standardised were found to be with 0.05 per cent cetrimide immersion for 5 minutes followed by 0.1 per cent HgCh for 5 minutes with reference to least percentrage of contamination and higher rate of establishment and growth of the explants obtained. The exudation of polyphenols from the cut surfaces of shoot tip, nodal and internodal segments was minimised by pre-treatment with antioxidants. The pre-treatment followed was with Cetrimide 0.1 per cent for 5 minutes, Emisan 0.1 per cent for 5 minutes, ascorbic acid 0.01 per cent + citric acid 0.01 per cent for 10 minutes and mercuric chloride 0.1 per cent for 3 minutes. Though calli were obtained from leaf segments as well as leaf segments with petiole bases, leaf segments were found most suitable for callus cultures and produced profuse calli. The best treatment for callus induction was found to be solid Vz MS medium for leaf bit cultures. The treatment with IAA 2 mg rl and BA 1 mg r' on Vz MS solid medium was the best for callus induction from leaf segments and leaf segments with petiole bases. Similarly a combination of auxins such as IAA 2 mg rl and 2,4-D 1 mg rl on Vz MS solid medium also readily induced callusing from leaf segments and leaf segments with petiole bases. The above treatments were superior with respect to callus index and the number of days taken for callus initiation. Callusing was obtained from immature fruits when cultured on solid Y2 MS medium with phosphate ions reduced to 25 per cent supplemented with lAA 2 rng rl and BA 1 mg r'. The shoot tips, nodal and internodal segments exhibited recalcitrancy and there was no cell growth from these explants. There was neither any proliferation nor any noticeable cell growth of calli in the liquid medium. Light stimulated the growth of yellowish friable callus and berberine synthesis in the initial stages. But in the later stages, continuous illumination proved to be detrimental and its growth was retarded. The calli did not respond to regeneration treatments being neither organogenic nor embryogenic. The wavelength of marker berberine was recorded as 228 nm. Berberine was detected in calli produced from leaf explants of different treatments in solid Y2 MS media supplemented with growth regulators such as BA 0.25 mg i', BA 0.5 mg r', Kin 0.25 rng r', lAA 2 mg rl + BA 1 mg r' and lAA 2 mg r' + 2, 4-D 1 mg r'. Age of the callus had a profound influence on berberine production. Employing special techniques for synthesis of berberine in in vitro cultures such as administration of osmoregulants, incorporation of media additives, increasing concentration of agar, addition of stress inducers and modification of carbon source in solid Yz MS medium failed to sustain the growth of callus. Incorporation of abscissic acid at low concentration of 0.25 mg r' sustained the callus development and berberine was detected by thin layer chromatography. The quantity of berberine recovered was 0.095 ug/g callus tissue. Administration of spermidine to liquid Yz MS medium neither caused any noticeable cell browning nor any cell growth. The medium became deep yellow due to the release of the alkaloid. Spermidine at 60 ug concentration in the liquid Yz MS production medium had a berberine yield of 5.0 15 ug/g callus. Berberine was detected from the field grown plant samples also. The quantity was the highest in the tender leaves, that is 0.320 ug from 25 g tender leaves which is equivalent to 0.013 ~g/g leaf. The berberine content in the stem was found to be 0.010 ug/g stem, that is 0.304 ~g/30 g stem. The stem extract also contained another compound whose Rfvalue was 0.66 and it gave a brownish spot under visible light. The highest berberine recovery obtained was in callus obtained from half strength MS liquid medium than in half strength MS solid medium. The in vitro derived callus had higher amounts of berberine than the samples from the field grown plant. The highest berberine yield was obtained when phosphorus ion sources were reduced to 25 per cent in the Yz MS liquid medium supplemented with IAA Zmgl" and BA lrngl'. The recovery was 10.079 ~g/g callus tissue. The next highest yield of berberine (5.015 ug/g callus) was obtained when 60 ug of spermidine was added to the 25 ml of the Yz MS liquid medium supplemented with IAA Zmgl" and BA Irngl".Item Induction and evaluation of genetic variability in chethikoduveli(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Arya, K; Gopimony, RThe present study "Induction and evaluation of genetic variability in Chethikoduveli (Plumbago rosea L.) was undertaken in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 1995-1998. The study was undertaken through the conduct of two experiments. (i) Germplasm collection and evaluation (ii) induction of variability. Two noded semi-hardwood cuttings of seven ecotypes of Plumbago rosea and one related species, Plumbago zeylanica were used for the first experiment. The ecotype of P. rosea from College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara was used for the second experiment. The cuttings were treated with six doses of gamma rays (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 kR) and M I V I generation was evaluated. Pollen germination was not noticed in P. rosea whereas the pollen grams of P. zeylanica germinated. The germination of seeds was more quickly in scarified seeds of P. zeylanica than seeds with intact seed coat. All the pollination techniques failed to give any positive result on seed set in P. rosea. Normal pairing of chromosomes were observed in meiotic cells of both the species. All characters studied had significantly high genotypic correlation with yield. High estimates of heritability (broad sense) was observed for all characters studied. High estimates of heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for plant height and root length which indicate that direct selection for improvement of these traits will be effective. Path coefficient analysis showed that dry root yield had maximum direct effect on plumbagin content of roots and plant height had maximum direct effect on fresh and dry root yield. The index score for selection was highest for P zeylanica followed by the ecotype of P rosea from Kottayam. EDso of gamma rays for the stem cuttings of P rosea was 1.685 kR. The sprouting percentage of cuttings was significantly decreased with increased doses of mutagen. Progressive delay in sprouting was noticed as the level of dose increased. The percentage lethality was higher in mutagen treated population than in the control. The optimum dose for inducing maximum yield and yield attributing characters ranged between 0.70 kR and 0.85 kR of gamma rays. High yielding mutants were observed in plants treated with 1.0 kR of gamma rays. The highest values for yield and yield attributing characters were obtained for 0.75 and 1.00 kR gamma rays. Gamma rays at 1.0 kR was most effective in inducing variability for root yield.Item Agrotechniques in Indian sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus [Linn] R. Br)(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellenikkara, 1998) Shina, K C; Lalitha Bai, E KItem In vivo and in vitro screening of sida spp. for ephedrine content(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1998) Asha Sankar, M; Sreekandan Nair, GItem Reproductive behaviour of adapathiyan(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1997) Manju, S; Alice KurianItem Collection, description and performance evaluation of herbaceous medicinal leguminous plants of Kerala(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Sunitha, C; Reghunath, B RThe present study titled 'Collection, description and performance evaluation of herbaceous medicinal leguminous plants of Kerala' was carried out at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani from June 1995 to January 1996. Seeds of sixteen different species of herbaceous leguminous medicinal plants could be collected from authentic sources. Twelve different species with high rate of germination were raised and maintained till flowering and pod set in the medicinal plant garden of the Department of Horticulture. Detailed computerised descriptive blank supplemented with line drawings and authentic herbarium were prepared for each species. Cultural trial of eleven selected species of herbaceous leguminous medicinal plants, conducted as pure crop in open condition and as intercrop under shade in a twenty five year old coconut garden, indicated that under open condition the growth and yield are significantly superior in Abrus precatorius, Clitoria ternatea and Atylosia scarabaeoides than under shaded condition. Similarly, in Crotalaria verrucosa and Desmodium triangulare where leaves are the medicinally important plant part, the number of branches and number of leaves were significantly higher under open condition than under shade. The biomass yield of Crotalaria verrucosa was significantly superior under open condition than under shade. This revealed the limited chance of raising these five plant species as intercrops in coconut garden. Growth and yield were significantly superior under shaded condition or were comparable under both conditions in Mucuna prurita, Indigo/era tinctoria, Cassia mimosoides and Pseudarthria viscida. In Desmodium gangeticum, where root is the medicinally important plant pari, no significant difference was noticed in the root characteristics, namely, root length, tap root girth and number of lateral roots under open and shaded conditions. The content of active chemical ingredient in the medicinally important plant parts of the different plant species studied, showed no significant difference under open and shaded conditions. The presence of biochemical substances in these medicinal plants did not affect the association of rhizobia and mycorrhizae. Such positive association in native soil without artificial inoculation opens the scope for utilizing the micro symbiont technology for exploiting the full potential of growth and yield of medicinal plants. The study, thus indicated the feasibility of growing herbaceous, leguminous medicinal plant species as intercrops in coconut garden, with the dual benefit of contributing a part of the requirement of raw materials in the indigenous pharnaceutical industry and at the same time enriching soil fertility by way of nitrogen fixation.Item Response of piper longum in coconut gardens to differential spacing and manurial regimes(Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellenikkara, 1996) Sheela, N; Mercy GeorgeAn experiment was conducted during 1994-95 in the KADP farm of the College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, to evaluate the response of piper longum as an intercrop in coconut gardens to differential spacing and manorial regimes. The experiment was laid out in randomised block design with three replications. The study revealed that plant height, number of branches, number of leaves and total dry matter increased with higher dose of organic manure and 30:30:60 NPK kg ha-1. The optimum spacing was found to be 50 x 50 cm. the above treatment recorded the maximum number of spikes and total dry spike yield (449 kg ha-1). The NPK content of spikes was more than vegetative parts. The nitrogen content decreased as the crop grew but phosphorus content increased and potassium content remained more or less same. The uptake of N,P and K was highest in fertilizer applied plots. The total alkaloid yield was highest in the treatment receiving 50 x50 cm spacing, 20 t ha-1 organic manure and 30:30:60 NPK kg ha-1. The organic and inorganic fertilizers and their combinations did not have any significant effect on the chemical properties of soil. However the plots receiving inorganic fertilizers alone showed a reducing trend in available N, P and K. Thippali cultivation involves high investment for planting material and maintenance and harvesting are also labour intensive. The labour cost in Kerala is very high. It is a crop which requires a periodical harvesting (maximum yield in July –August and October – November months) and care should be taken to harvest only the mature spikes. Thippali being a perennial crop, no net return could be obtained in the first year of planting. The yield level indicated that it should be a profitable crop from the second year of planting.Item Indirect organogenesis and embryogenesis in Kaempferia Galanga L.(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1997) Mini Joseph; Lissamma Joseph