Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala

Abstract

The research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesameThe research programme entitled ‘Developing breeding lines of sesame suitable for cultivation in Kerala’ was carried at the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during the period 2022-2024 with the objective of evaluating the segregating population of intervarietal crosses in sesame for selecting superior genotypes. Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesame Sesamum indicum L., an important edible oilseed crop is self-pollinating with varying degrees of cross-pollination depending on the environment. Breeding programs focus on improving seed yield, oil quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses, although gains in sesame breeding have been lower compared to other oilseed crops. The experimental material of the present study consisted of the F2 segregating populations of three superior F1 lines namely, Thilak X Ayali 1(TA1), Thilathara X Ayali 2 (TTA2) and Thilak X Ayali 5 (TA5), selected based on a previous work done in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The occurrence of transgressive segregants, where individuals exceed the performance of both parents, supports the potential for improving desirable traits in breeding programs. The observed high coefficients of variation for traits like seed yield per plant and the number of capsules per plant indicate ample opportunities for selection and improvement. The range in days to first flowering (29-75 days in F2 and 41-74 days in F3) and days to maturity (80-126 days in F2 and 92-125 days in F3) suggests considerable potential for enhancing earliness and crop duration, which is critical for adaptability in diverse agro-ecological conditions. Traits such as plant height, which ranged from 37-175.5 cm in F2 and 46-181 cm in F3, and seed yield per plant (2.28-28.24 g in F2 and 3.25-27.75 g in F3) further highlight the genetic diversity present in these populations. However, traits like capsule length and width showed limited variation, indicating less scope for improvement in these areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, emphasizing the need for targeted selection strategies in sesame breeding to enhance yield and other economically important traits. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation for traits such as days to first flowering, number of primary branches, number of capsules per plant, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, days to maturity, plant height, and seed yield per plant. The higher phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) compared to genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits indicates a strong environmental influence. However, traits such as days to maturity and capsule length displayed low coefficients of variation, indicating limited potential for improvement through selection. The study showed low heritability coupled with low genetic advance for most traits, including days to first flowering and seed yield per plant since it was a segregating population. The correlation analysis in the present study provides crucial insights into the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, which are essential for selection in sesame breeding. Seed yield per plant exhibited a strong positive correlation with key traits such as number of primary branches, capsule length, capsule width, number of seeds per capsule, plant height, and the number of capsules per plant. In contrast, days to first flowering and days to maturity demonstrated a negative correlation with seed yield. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) enabled to identify the key traits contributing to genetic variability in sesame, with a focus on yield-related characters. In the F2 population, PC1 and PC2 account for a significant portion of the total variation, underlining their importance in selecting desirable genotypes. PC1 is highly correlated with yield- related traits such as capsule length, number of seeds per capsule, and seed yield, while PC2 is linked to maturity and flowering times. Meanwhile, in the F3 population, PC1 alone explains 89.935% of the total variability, emphasizing its dominance in capturing genetic variation. PC1 correlates predominantly with plant height, days to first flowering, and seed yield, with a stronger emphasis on plant height and flowering time. Biplot analysis in the F2 population shows genotypes with early maturity and high yield traits in specific quadrants, suggesting potential for targeted breeding strategies. The regression analysis conducted in this study underscores the significant relationships between agronomic traits and seed yield per plant in sesame. In both the F2 and F3 populations, the number of capsules per plant emerged as the most influential variable affecting seed yield. The family TA5-32 can be considered as superior since it recorded significantly different values for the yield related characters which suggests ample scope for selection from its segregating generations. Based on the performance of the F3 genotypes, five superior lines were identified viz., TA5-32-25, TA5-4-7, TA5-2-2, TA1-5-1 and TA5-5-1 which exhibited significant variations in seed yield and oil content. These lines can be proceeded further to the next generations for development of high yielding varieties in sesame.