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Item Study the impact of abiotic stress on photosynthetic potential of tropical tuber crops under elevated CO2(Academy of Climate Change Education and Research, Vellanikkara, 2019) Ancy, P; Nameer, P OClimate change and agriculture are interconnected processes, both of which take place on a universal scale. Global warming is expected to have significant impacts on agriculture. Most of the studies reported a positive impact in photosynthetic rate of C3 plants due to eCO2. However other players of climate change such as drought and rising temperature can harmfully affect crops. Cassava and sweet potato are two major tropical root crops grown in India. The main objective of the present study was to figure out the impact of adverse conditions of climate change such as water deficit stress and high temperature stress on photosynthetic potential of tropical tuber crops under elevated CO2 and there by identify crop/varieties suitable for changing climate conditions. The study was conducted during the period of October 2018 to July 2019 on four contrasting cassava and four contrasting sweet potato varieties. Observations on photosynthetic parameters viz., the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) transpiration and sub-stomatal/intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were recorded using a LI6400 portable photosynthesis system, LI-COR Inc, Lincoln, USA. Elevated CO2 have positive effects on photosynthetic parameters under WDS free as well as WDS conditions in cassava as well as sweet potato. Even though WDS reduces photosynthetic rate, eCO2 could sustain greater Pn rate than ambient CO2 under WDS. Under eCO2 rising temperature can benefit cassava and sweet potato only under WDS free conditions. For cassava Pn was not significantly affected by temperatures. For sweet potato Pn significantly increased with rise in temperature. It indicates that increasing temperature is not a limiting factor for cassava and sweet potato, but beneficial for them under WDS free conditions. Responses of cassava and sweet potato to WDS and rising temperature are also influenced by the variety. Cassava variety Sree Athulya responses well to eCO2 as well as to rising temperature under WDS free conditions. Cassava variety Sree Vijaya can perform well under WDS compared to other varieties. Sweet potato variety Sree Arun exhibits higher Pn under WDS free conditions. Bhu Krishna and Kanhangad had high Pn under WDS as well as at higher temperature. From this study it can be concluded that tropical root and tuber crops especially cassava and sweet potato have a great potential for better adaptation at elevated CO2 environment under adverse climate conditions such as water deficit stress and increasing temperature. They can become crops providing food security for future environment under climate change.Item Value chain management of virgin coconut oil- a case study on golden vintage farmers industry, Koratty, Thrissur district(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2014) Aswathy Ashok; Jacob Thomas, MThis study was initiated to analyse “Value Chain Analysis of Virgin Coconut Oil” particularly in Thrissur district. The focus of the study was to, identify various components in value chain of coconut, linkages among different actors in coconut production and benefit distribution to them, the procurement, processing and marketing operation of virgin coconut oil in Thrissur district and understand the different cost and returns involved in the each step of the value chain of virgin coconut oil. The sampling frame taken for the analysis is 15 Farmers, 1 Processing units, 1 private agent and 10 Consumers. The data were generated by individual interview using structured questionnaires. This was supplemented by secondary data collected from different published and unpublished sources. The main market participants for virgin coconut oil value chain in the District during the survey period were farmers, processors, agents and consumers. Besides, a significant amount of virgin coconut oil produced is channeled directly to consumers from processors. The virgin coconut oil marketing performance was also measured using marketing margins complemented with analysis of costs and gross profits generated by different value chain actors. From the study conducted, the major problems of the production identified in the study are no availability of raw materials, packing materials, high labour cost, lack of promotional activities and high transportation cost. The general survey realized on the need of a special package of program to overcome these problems, which include linkage of processing unit with krishi bhavan to get more raw materials, direct their efforts towards promoting their product and produce variety of products from coconut. Based on the study results, interventions demanded to raise marketable supply of virgin coconut oil produced are recommendedItem Value chain management of coconut oil a study in KERAFED, Naduvannur(College of co-operation banking and management, Vellanikara, 2013) Ashika Raveendran, K K; Jacob Thomas, MItem Study on financial performance of Thalore service co-operative bank ltd no.435(College of co-operation banking and management, Vellanikara, 2011) Aswathy Vasukuttan; Jacob Thomas, MThe study entitled financial performance of Thalore Service Co – operative Bank was conducted with a view to evaluate the financial performance of TSCB.b The analysis is based on the secondary data collected from the audited annual reports for the period 1989 – 90 to 2008 – 09. The details such as share capital, borrowings, deposits, loans and advances, working capital and net profit were collected from various reports of the bank. The collected data were analysed by using selected financial ratios. The ratios that measure the efficiency in mobilization, efficiency in deployment and efficiency in operation were used for the purpose of the study. The Financial performance of the bank revealed that the bank’s performance was satisfactory during the study period and it has a strong financial base. Mobilization of fund by the bank was satisfactory. The bank is efficient in deployment of fund also.Item Financial performance analysis of valakkavu ksheera vyavasaya sahakarana sangham LTD no.R 5(D) milvay(College of co-operation banking and management, Vellanikara, 2011) Vinish Wilson; Jacob Thomas, MThe study entitled “Financial Performance Analysis of Valakkavu Ksheera Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangham Ltd. No. R5(D) – Milvay” was undertaken to examine the financial strength and weakness of Milvay. For the purpose of the study secondary data were collected from annual reports of Milvay. The data was collected for a period of 15 years i.e. from 1993 – 94 to 2007 – 08. Financial Performance Analysis was done using financial ratios, Expense ratios, Profitability ratios etc. From the study we are able to understand that Milvay is enjoying profit. Milvay’s Share capital has increased from year to year. The main activity of the dairy is procurement and sale of milk and milk products and sale of cattle feeds. Milvay had been able to increase its procurement of milk as well as its sales. The members are served with loans and advances and Milvay accepts savings and fixed deposits. As the main activity is trading on milk, milk products and cattle feed, Milvay is not giving much importance to banking activities like accepting deposits and lending loans. But the profit of Milvay is decreasing every year. Milvay was in loss several years before and now enjoys profit. So as to remain in profit and serve members, Milvay has to be more careful in its operation. If the society can diversify its milk products mix, i.e. to buttermilk, ice creams, sip – up, butter etc it can increase its profitability.Item Socio-economic empowerment of women through kudumbashree: a study of bedadukka grama panchayat, kasaragod(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2015) Sreeni, A; Jacob Thomas, MKudumbashree programme visualizes women empowerment as a strategical route towards the ultimate goal of poverty eradication. The study entitled Socio – economic empowerment of women through Kudumbashree - A case study of Kudumbashree units in Bedadukka Grama Panchayat, Kasaragod was carried out with the objective of identifying the role of Kudumbashree in social and economic empowerment of women by Kudumbashree sample of 10 Kudumbashree units which has been working since 5 years was selected and 50 members (5 from each unit) were selected as respondents. The data were collected from the units through a sample survey based on structured schedule. Composite index calculated for identifying the role of Kudumbashree in social and economic activities showed a high value. Overall economic empowerment of women by Kudumbashree also showed a high value indicating that the empowerment by Kudumbashree is good. Savings, income generating activities, accessibility to credit, indebtedness, acquisition of assets, etc. had showed a great value after joining the Kudumbashree programme. In the social aspect, empowerment was observed in involvement in social activities especially in attending Grama Sabha, access to information, knowledge and skill, contact with development departments and agencies, entrepreneurial ability and managerial ability. In these, the most empowered factors are managerial ability and entrepreneurial ability. This study has proved beyond doubt that Kudumbashree have been able to empower the poor both socially and economically.Item Socio-economic empowerment of women through kudumbashree- a case study of vellangallur panchayat(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2015) Richu Paul; Jacob Thomas, MKudumbashree programme visualizes women empowerment as a strategical route towards the ultimate goal of poverty eradication. The study entitled Socio – economic empowerment of women through Kudumbashree – A case study of Kudumbashree units in Vellangallur Grama Panchayat was carried out with the objective of identifying the role of Kudumbashree in social and economic empowerment of women by Kudumbashree sample of 10 Kudumbashree units which has been working since 5 years was selected and 50 members (5 from each unit) were selected as respondents. The data were collected from the units through a sample survey based on structured schedule. Composite index calculated for identifying the role of Kudumbashree in social and economic activities showed a high value, Overall economic empowerment of women by Kudumbashree also showed a high value indicating that the empowerment by Kudumbashree is good. Savings, income generating activities, accessibility to credit, indebtedness, acquisition of assets, etc. had showed a great value after joining the Kudumbashree programme. In the social aspect, empowerment was observed in involvement in social activities especially in attending Grama Sabha, access to information, knowledge and skill, contact with development departments and agencies, entrepreneurial ability and managerial ability. In these, the most empowered factors are managerial ability and entrepreneurial ability. This study has proved beyond doubt that Kudumbashree have been able to empower the poor both socially and economically.Item Impact of mahatma gandhi national rural employment gurantee scheme (MGNREGS) - a study of udma grama panchayat, kasargod district(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2015) Soumya, M; Jacob Thomas, MMahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act aims at enhancing the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Today MGNREGS is the most important employment generation programme of the Government in our country. The study entitled “lmpact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) – A case study of Udma Grama Panchayat” was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of MGNREGA) from the perspective of the beneficiaries. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The secondary data were collected from various journals, reports, publications, and internet and from the Gramma Panchayat. The primary data were collected from 40 beneficiaries who had employed under the scheme through a pre – structured questionnaire. Percentages and indices were used for analyzing the data. The MGNREGS in Udma Gramma Panchayat was very effective and the scheme has its impact on the income level, expenditure pattern, savings, migration, acquisition of assets, status of women and the social relationship. The scheme has also brou8ght in benefits to the households as well as to community. The respondents have rated the functioning of the scheme with reference to the selected variables as ‘good’ which is a sign of good work done by the various functionaries of the scheme. It could be observed that some suggestions from the respondents for the improvement of the programme regarding the increase in the wage rate and work days, bonus, pension and insurance facility to the workers. The study has proved that MGNREGS have great impact in the beneficiaries of Udma Grama Panchayat.Item Value chain analysis of turmeric- a study with special reference to(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2014) Rahana Ibrahim, P; Jacob Thomas, MValue chain refers to the full range of activities that are required to bring a product (or a service) from conception, through the different phases of production, to delivery to final consumers and disposal after use. Mapping is the process of making a pictorial representation of the VCA (value chain analysis). The study was conducted with the objective of to map the different components and stakeholders in the value chain of numeric to analyse the distribution of benefits at each level of value chain of turmeric. The study was based upon both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was collected through the survey of farmers, village traders, wholesalers, and input suppliers. Secondary data were collected from the published works of various authors, several journals and magazines. The collected data were analysed by using the tools like Value chain mapping, Percentage Analysis and rank order scale. Value chain mapping was made by analysing the various dimensions like core processes in the value chain, actors involved in the turmeric value chain, specific activities of core processes, flow of product, information and knowledge, volume of product, geographical flow of product, value at different levels of value chain, type of relationship and linkages exists and mapping the constraints and potential solutions. The study attempted to analyse the value chain of turmeric in Pazhayannur block of Thrissur district. At each level, actors are adding values to the product. Turmeric cultivation in the study area gives a good return to the farmers because of the subsidy from Krishibhavan. Farmers face a lot of problems in production stage which include erratic climatic conditions, low productivity and yield, small size of land holdings and lack of scientific technology. Institutional support to farmers in input provision and marketing of turmeric is the major solution for the problems.Item Value chain analysis of ginger in Nemmara block of Palakkad district(College of co-operation, banking and management, Vellanikkara, 2016) Chaithanya, C C; Narayana, RAn experiment entitled “Biochemical changes due to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)” was undertaken at Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, during 2014-16. The main objective of the study was to assess the biochemical changes in ginger due to the infestation of M. incognita and to screen five important ginger varieties viz., IISR Mahima, IISR Rejatha, IISR Varada, Athira and Karthika against M. incognita. The study involved two pot culture experiments, both laid out in completely randomized design. First pot culture experiment was carried out in 30 cm diameter earthen pots by introducing four inoculum levels of M. incognita J2 (each replicated five times) ten days after planting. Six months after inoculation (MAI), biochemical analysis of rhizome and leaf samples were done. The result of the first pot culture experiment revealed that there was a progressive decrease in plant growth and yield parameters were observed with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita at six MAI. The maximum reduction in plant height (38.38 per cent), fresh weight of shoot (43.03 per cent), dry weight of shoot (44.78 per cent), number of tillers (41.10 per cent) and rhizome yield (40.6 per cent) were observed in plants inoculated with 10,000 J2. The plant height, dry weight of shoot, number of tillers and the yield parameters decreased significantly in plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 compared to other levels and uninoculated plants. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 showed low pH (6.37) and EC (0.27 d S m-1) compared to the uninoculated plants and was significantly different from all other treatments. Defense enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) of rhizome increased with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita at six MAI. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 158 showed high phenol content (3.932 mg g-1 tissue), PO (8.82 changes in absorbance min-1 g-1 tissue), PPO (0.74 changes in absorbance min-1 g-1 tissue) and PAL (16.70 changes in cinnamic acid min-1 g-1 tissue) in rhizome compared to other treatments. Similar results were noticed in leaf samples as well. After harvest, the starch, protein, crude fibre, total ash and oleoresin content of rhizome decreased in plants inoculated with 500 J2 pot-1 onwards. The plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 showed low starch (12.78 per cent), protein (2.52 per cent), crude fibre (4.69 per cent), total ash (1.24 per cent), oleoresin content (3.518 per cent) compared to the uninoculated plants. The second pot culture experiment was carried out to screen five important ginger varieties against M. incognita. Minimum number of galls (28.6 plant-1) and gall index (3) was observed in the variety IISR Mahima and it was significantly different from other varieties. The variety Karthika was highly susceptible with a gall index 5 and varieties IISR Varada, IISR Rejatha and Athira were found to be susceptible (gall index 4) to M. incognita. However, variety IISR Mahima was found to be moderately resistant to M. incognita on the basis of gall index (3). The nematode population in soil, rhizome and root were minimum in IISR Mahima and maximum in case of variety Karthika. The lowest PO, PPO and PAL activity was observed in the case of variety Karthika. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that there was a progressive increase in phenol content and defense enzymes viz. PO, PPO, PAL in both leaf and rhizome with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita. Starch, protein, crude fibre, total ash, oleoresin content, pH and EC of rhizome decreased with increase in inoculum levels of M. incognita. The variety IISR Mahima showed more defense against M. incognita compared to other varieties due to higher PO, PPO, and PAL activity.