1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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Subject: search.filters.subject.Anthocyanin

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    Aqueous extraction of anthocyanins from hibiscus by coupling instantaneous pressure drop and microwave assisted process
    (Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2023-04-01) Nasim Babu, B; Prince, M V
    Colours are used in food to enhance the quality to clout the consumer and also for balancing the colour loss during processing. Since the consumers are becoming aware of the various hazards of using synthetic colours, natural colours are gaining importance. The commonly used conventional extraction methods possess disadvantages such as low extraction efficiency and high extraction time. A swelling operation using ‘Instantaneous Pressure Drop’ process prior to extraction could produce high quality anthocyanin by improving the hydration kinetics and capacity. Microwave energy could be used effectively to mediate extraction of anthocyanin in place of conventional aqueous methods. The anthocyanin from Hibiscus were extracted by a coupled process of instantaneous pressure drop pre- treatment and microwave assisted extraction. The developed extraction system consists of a steam generation system, processing vessel, vacuum system and supporting frame. The steam generator produces steam from water using LPG as heating medium. Steam outlet from steam generator was connected to the processing vessel which accommodates the raw material. The vacuum system consists of a vacuum tank, vacuum pump, controlled instant pressure drop valve and associated measuring systems. The whole IPD equipment is supported by frame structure. A microwave oven was used as the microwave reactor. A Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology was employed to characterize and optimize the process parameters of the coupled extraction process and investigate the effect of independent variables viz., process pressure (0.56, 0.84 and 1.14 kg/cm2), treatment time (1, 2 and 3 min), microwave power (480, 720 and 960 W) and solvent- sample ratio (15, 27.5 and 40 ml/g). Optimisation of process parameters of the coupled process of anthocyanin extraction from Hibiscus was carried out using design expert software version 7.0.0, based on desirability analysis. From the analysis, a process pressure of 0.905 kg/cm2; treatment time of 2.272 minutes; microwave power of 707.302 W and solvent- sample ratio of 30.415 ml/g were found to be optimum values. The results revealed that the coupled IPD and microwave assisted process of extraction resulted in enhanced anthocyanin yield and antioxidant activity with increased redness as desired by anthocyanin pigment when compared to conventional extraction process. Beside the coupled process takes reduced time for extraction, thereby reduces the energy requirement and cost for the extraction process.
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    Integration of quanitative trait locus (QTL) for Tuber Colour variations with Genomic information in Sweet Potato
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma, T K; Sreekumar, K
    The study entitled Integration of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for tuber colour variations with genomic information in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) was conducted at section of extension and social sciences, ICAR-CTCRI. The main objective of the study was to identify the differentially expressed genes for various tuber colours in sweet potato using RNA sequenced data; to integrate QTL information on tuber colour with genomic information in sweet potato and to validate the identified candidate genes. Sweet potatoes are abundant in compounds of biological effects such as β-carotene, phenolic acids and anthocyanins which gives its unique flesh colours. Here, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal the differentially expressed genes in six sweet potato cultivars with varying flesh colours of white, orange and purple. A total of 22,534, 27,431, 22,590 differentially expressed genes were identified in the pairwise analysis of orange and white, orange and purple and purple and white libraries respectively. Among differentially expressed genes, 5472 were upregulated and 17,062 were downregulated in orange compared to white, 11,670 upregulated genes and 15,761 downregulated genes in orange compared to purple, 7,622 were upregulated and 14,968 were downregulated in purple compared to white. Functional annotation of transcripts associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway revealed the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, alignment of flanking SSR markers sequences of the QTL controlling β-carotene trait was done with the sweet potato genome assembly showed the position of QTL region on the chromosome. Functional annotation of the identified chromosomal region resulted in the identification of five candidate genes for carotenoid biosynthesis from three QTLs for β-carotene. Transcriptome sequencing and fine mapping of QTL are the efficient ways for discovering novel genes involved in main pathways. The identification of agronomically important genes can be utilized for improvement of sweet potato by the introduction of the genes to commercial sweet potato cultivars and for marker assisted selection.
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    Characterization and value addition of male buds of banana cultivars
    (Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Thanzeela Hoorlin, K A; Meagle Joseph, P
    India is the largest producer of banana in the world and Kerala is rich with wide array of banana varieties. The banana plant in whole is useful for its fruits, peel, fibre, corm, male bud and pseudo stem. Banana inflorescence also known as navels is removed in commercial banana cultivation, by a practice called denavelling, for quality assurance of fruits. These male buds loaded with lots of nutrients are used as vegetable and also for the preparation of nutraceuticals. The stages of harvest after bunch emergence influence the quality of the male bud. Hence the study was carried out in the Department of Post-Harvest Technology, during 2017-2019,with the objectives to characterize the male buds of banana cultivars and to standardize their harvesting stage, packaging and storage methods and minimal processing techniques . Palayankodan, Grand naine, Njalipoovan and Nendran varieties of banana were selected for the first experiment. They were harvested at 15, 20 and 25 days after full bunch emergence (DAB) and characterized based on physico-morphological and biochemical parameters. Palayankodan and Grand naine had the highest bud weight, length and diameter when harvested at 20 DAB and Nendran at 25 DAB. The recovery and firmness was found to be highest when harvested at 25 DAB in Palayankodan and at 15 DAB in Grand naine and Nendran. However, Njalipoovan had the highest value for all the four parameters (275 g weight, 19.8 cm length, 20.4 cm diameter, 87.2 % recovery) when harvested at 15 DAB. Considering the biochemical parameters, in all the four varieties the desirable constituents like carbohydrate, protein, dietary fibre, potassium etc. were found to be highest when harvested at 15 DAB. When subjected to organoleptic evaluation, Palayankodan had the overall consumer acceptance and highest total score under all the three stages of harvest. Also due to its popularity and easy availability, Palayankodan variety was selected for the packaging and storage studies. In the second experiment, banana male buds were given different packaging treatments (wrapping in shrink film, cling film and perforated polyethylene cover) and stored under ambient, cold storage and refrigerated conditions. Physico chemical changes and organoleptic quality were observed. The studies revealed that banana male buds packed in polyethylene cover of 150 gauge and stored under refrigerated condition had the highest shelf life (43 days) and lower physiological loss in weight along with biochemical parameters like ascorbic acid (11.9 mg/ 100g) and total phenols (0.648 mg/ 100 g). Also it had scored highest in organoleptic evaluation with a total of 36.07. Third experiment consisted of standardizing minimal processing techniques for banana male bud. An attempt was made by adopting different pre-treatments (0.2 % ascorbic acid, 0.2 % citric acid, 0.2 % turmeric + salt) and packaging methods ( paper plate overwrapped with cling film, polystyrene trays overwrapped with cling film, polyethylene punnets) to enhance the shelf life and to improve the market value of sliced banana buds. Minimal processed buds with 0.2 % citric acid pretreatment packed in polystyrene trays had a shelf life of one week and microbial load within the permissible limit along with better retention of ascorbic acid (6.81 mg/ 100g) and total phenols (0.276 mg/ 100 g). The present study found that the harvesting stage of buds in Palayankodan and Grand naine was 20 days after full bunch emergence and in Njalipoovan and Nendran it was 15 and 25 days after full bunch emergence respectively. The buds of all four varieties are nutrient rich and organoleptically acceptable with mean rank scores above 6. Packaging in perforated polyethylene cover and storage under refrigerated condition increases the shelf life of whole male bud with retention of desirable qualities. Also 0.2% citric acid pretreatment and packaging in polystyrene trays enhance the market value of minimal processed buds.
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    Nutrient management in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)
    (Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture Vellanikkara, 2017) Arjun Mohan, P; Ajith Kumar, K
    The experiment entitled “Nutrient management in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)” was undertaken at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ambalavayal, Wayanad during the year 2016-17. Performance of strawberry variety Winter Dawn was evaluated under nine treatments and a control in the open field viz., FYM 10 t ha-1 + NPK 50:20:50 kg ha-1 (T1); FYM 10 t ha-1 + NPK 75:30:75 kg ha-1 (T2 ); FYM 10 t ha-1 + NPK 100:40:100 kg ha-1 (T3); FYM 20 t ha-1 + NPK 50:30:100 kg ha-1 (T4); FYM 20 t ha-1 + NPK 75:40:50 kg ha-1 (T5); FYM 20 t ha-1 + NPK 100:20:75 kg ha-1 (T6); FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 50:40:75 kg ha-1 (T7); FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 75:20:100 kg ha-1 (T8); FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 100:30:50 kg ha-1 (T9) and an absolute control (T10), without any nutrient application. All the treatments were on par and superior over the control (T10) in case of plant height. In case of plant spread, T2, T3, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 were on par and superior over the control while T1 and T4 were on par with each other but differs with other treatments. All the treatments except T2 were on par and superior over the control with respect to number of leaves per plant. Application of treatments had no significant effect on days to first flowering. In case of number of flowers and clusters per plant, T1, T2, T3, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 were on par and superior over the control while T4 was on par with the control (T10). Days to first harvest was minimum in T6, T7, T8 and T9 which were on par while all other treatments were on par with the control (T10).In case of number of fruits and yield per plant, T7 (FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 50:40:75 kg ha-1) and T8 (FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 75:20:100 kg ha-1) were on par and superior over other treatments including T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T9 which were on par and superior over the control. Average fruit weight recorded under T3, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9 were on par which was followed by T2 on par with T4 and T1. Days to final harvest was not found to be influenced by the application of different treatments. Biochemical characters of fruits viz., TSS, acidity and TSS/acidity ratio were not having any significant effect due to the application of treatments. In case of total sugars, T3, T7, T8 and T9 were having the highest content and were on par which was followed by T5 on par with T1, T2, T4, T6 and T10. The overall sensory score was highest in T7 followed by T8. Application of different treatments had no significant effect on the shelf life of strawberry fruits. N, P, K and Ca content in the plant were not significantly affected by any treatment while Mg content was found to be on par in all treatments and superior over the control. Soil analysis after the harvest of the crop revealed that the values for soil EC, available P, K, Mg and S were found to be elevated while soil pH, organic carbon and available Ca content were found to be at lower levels than the initial values before planting. It was concluded that among different nutrient combinations evaluated, T7 (FYM 30 t ha-1 + NPK 50:40:75 kg ha-1) with a BC ratio of 3.06 can be recommended for further optimization and refinement.
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    Studies on pulsed electric field assisted extraction of anthocyanin from jamun
    (Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Tavanur, 2019) Akhila J Chand; Prince, M V
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    Post harvest characterisation and value addition of sweet lovi-lovi (Flacourtia spp.)
    (Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture Vellanikkara, 2017) Karishma Sebastian; Meagle Joseph, P