1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Response of finger millet (Eleusine coracana(L.) Gaertn) to live mulch and stale seedbed
    (Department of agronomy, college of agriculture, Vellayani, 2023) Vandana Devi, V S
    The research work titled “Response of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) to live mulch and stale seedbed was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, during 2021-2023. The primary aim of the study was to assess the effect of live mulch and stale seedbed on weed control, growth and yield of finger millet. The field experiment was conducted in the model organic farm at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala during summer 2022-23 (February 2023-May 2023). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two factors in three replications. The first factor was land preparation (L), viz., normal seedbed (l1), stale seedbed with light raking (l2) and stale seedbed with flaming (l3) and the second factor was live mulches (M) viz., no mulch (m1), cowpea (m2), green gram (m3) and cluster bean (m4). The variety used in the study was PPR 2700 (Vakula). The live mulches were sown in 1:1 proportion and left in the interrow spaces as organic mulch by wheel hoe weeding at 50 per cent flowering stage (40 DAS of the mulch crop). The crop was raised as per Ad hoc POP recommendations (organic) of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU, 2017) Stale seedbed with light raking (l2) resulted in taller plants of finger millet at 20 DAS, 40 DAS and harvest. It also produced higher tiller count at 20 DAS and 60 DAS and higher DMP per plant at 20 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest. In finger millet, cowpea live mulch (m2) recorded taller plants and DMP per plant at all stages of observation. Tiller count was significant only at 20 DAS and 60 DAS and live mulching with cowpea resulted in higher tiller count at both stages The interaction effect of land preparation and live mulches revealed that, in finger millet the treatment l2m2 resulted in taller plants, higher tillers m-2 and DMP per plant at 60 DAS and harvest. Stale seedbed with flaming (l3) resulted in higher CGR and RGR at 20 DAS-40 DAS in finger millet, however, at both 40 DAS-60 DAS and 60 DAS-harvest, the highest CGR and RGR were observed in l2. Cowpea live mulch resulted in significantly higher CGR and RGR at 20 DAS- 40 DAS and LAI at 20 DAS and 40 DAS in finger millet.213 The CGR and RGR of finger millet at 20 DAS-40 DAS were also higher in l2m2. However, l2m1 showed higher CGR and RGR at 40 DAS-60 DAS and l2m4 showed higher CGR at 60 DAS- harvest. Stale seedbed with light raking resulted in higher number of fingers per ear head (12.87) and ear head weight (15.78 g) and it was comparable with l3. The treatment l2 also resulted in the highest number of productive tillers m-2 (45.3), 1000 grain weight (1.50 g), grain yield (661 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.310). The percentage increase in grain yield in l2 compared to l1 was 17.25. The lowest weed index (20.47 %) was also observed in l2. The yield attributes of finger millet, productive tiller count (50.2 no. m-2), ear head weight (18. 62 g) and 1000 grain weight were also higher in cowpea live mulch. The grain yield of finger millet was also the highest in cowpea live mulch (717 kg ha-1). Compared to control (without mulch), the percentage yield increase due to live mulching with cowpea was 49.06. Cowpea live mulch also resulted in higher harvest index (0.321) and the lowest weed index. The treatment l2m2 resulted in higher number of productive tillers m-2 (53.3 no. m-2), ear head weight and 1000 grain weight in finger millet. It also produced significantly higher grain yield (832 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.341) and the lowest weed index (0.00). Compared to l1m1, the yield increase observed in l2m2 was 131.8 per cent. The crude protein content and starch content of finger millet grain was the highest in l2. The quality parameters, viz., crude protein content and starch content of finger millet grain were also higher in cowpea live mulch. The treatment l3m2 resulted in higher crude protein content of finger millet grain (14.27%) and higher starch content in l2m2 (82.19%). The N and P uptake by finger millet at harvest were found to be higher in l2 and K uptake in l3. Cowpea live mulch had the highest N and K uptake by finger millet. It also recorded higher P uptake but comparable with m3 and m4. The treatment l2m2 had the highest N and K uptake by finger millet at harvest stage. It also recorded higher P uptake but comparable with l3m3.214 Stale seedbed with light raking resulted in lower N and P uptake by weeds and SSB with flaming had lower K uptake by weeds at 60 DAS. Cowpea had the lowest N uptake by weeds at 60 DAS, however, lower P and K uptake by weeds were observed in green gram. Among the treatments at 60 DAS, l3m2 resulted in lower N uptake by weeds, however, l2m3 had lower P uptake and l3m1 had lower K uptake by weeds. Land preparation did not significantly influence the dehydrogenase enzyme activity at 60 DAS. However, treatment l3 resulted in the highest urease enzyme activity in soil. Land preparation did not have any significant effect on SOC and available N content in the soil at the post-harvest stage. However, l2 had the highest available P in the soil and available K in l3. Green gram resulted in the highest dehydrogenase enzyme activity in soil at 60 DAS. However, urease enzyme activity was the highest in cowpea (m2). At post-harvest stage, m2 had the highest available N and K in the soil, however, higher available P in m3. The treatment l2m2 resulted in higher dehydrogenase and urease enzymes activity in soil at 60 DAS. The treatment l1m2 resulted in significantly higher available N and SOC in the soil at post-harvest stage. The available P in the soil was the highest in l2m3. The treatment l2m2 had higher available K in the soil but comparable with l3m4. SSB with flaming had the lowest total weed density, however, l2 had the lowest total weed dry weight and the highest WCE. Among the live mulches, cowpea live mulch had the lowest total density of weeds, weed dry weight and the highest WCE at 60 DAS. The treatment l2m2 had lower total weed density at 60 DAS. However, the lowest dry weight of weeds was observed in l2m2 and l2m3. The highest WCE was observed in l2m3. Land preparation had remarkable effect on N, P and K content of live mulches at 50 per cent flowering stage. Normal seedbed (l1) resulted in higher N content of live mulches, P content in l2 and K content in l3. Significant variations were observed in the N, P and K content of live mulches at 50 per cent flowering stage. The treatment m2 showed higher N content, however, m3 showed higher P and K content. Plant height and branches per plant did not show215 variation among the mulches. The DMP showed significant variations among the live mulches and the highest DMP was observed in m2. Amongst the treatments, l1m2 recorded higher N content of live mulches, P content in l1m4 and K content in l3m3. Live mulches showed significant variations in plant height and number of branches among different land preparation methods. In cowpea, taller plants and higher branches per plant were observed in NSB, in green gram, taller plants and branches per plant were observed in SSB with flaming and in cluster bean, SSB with light raking resulted in taller plants and higher branches per plant. Among the treatments, the highest gross return (₹ 83200 ha-1), net return (₹ 29458 ha-1) and BCR (1.55) were observed in l2m2. From the results, it could be concluded that stale seedbed with light raking followed by live mulching with cowpea in 1:1 proportion (l2m2) and its incorporation at 50 per cent flowering stage using wheel hoe weeder could be recommended as a cost- effective weed management practice for better weed control, higher yield, net return and B:C ratio in finger millet. The yield increase observed in l2m2 over non stale seedbed without live mulch (l1m1) (control) was 131.8 per cent and increase in net return over l1m1 was ₹ 31800 ha-1.
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    Standardization of spacing and nitrogen requirement of fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) in AEU 20
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2023-04-05) Niveditha, K Divakaran; Usha C Thomas
    The study entitled “Standardization of spacing and nitrogen requirement of fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) in AEU 20” was undertaken during 2020-2022 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, with the objective to standardize spacing and nitrogen level for fodder oat production in AEU 20 (Wayanad Eastern Plateau). Field experiment was laid out at RARS, Ambalavayal, in randomized block design with nine treatment combinations in three replications during rabi 2021- 2022. Treatments consisted of two factors viz., row spacing (S) and nitrogen levels (N) at three levels each viz., s1 (15 cm), s2 (25 cm), s3 (35 cm) and n1 (60 kg N ha-1), n2 (90 kg N ha 1), n3 (120 kg N ha-1) respectively. The variety sown was Kent. Spacing had significant effect on all growth and yield attributes except plant height whereas, N levels and S x N interaction was found to have significant influence on all the growth and yield attributes. Within spacing, s3 recorded the highest number of tillers hill-1 whereas GFY and DFY were highest at spacing s1. Within N levels, n3 recorded highest values for growth and yield attributes viz., plant height, number of tillers hill-1, GFY and DFY. Among S x N interactions, s3n3 recorded the tallest plant (111.19 cm) and a greater number of tillers hill-1(9.29). In case of GFY (30.14 tha-1) and DFY (6.03 tha-1), s1n3 recorded the highest yield and were on par with s2n3. Weeds predominantly present in the field were Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Digitaria ciliaris, Phyllanthus niruri, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodium album, Eclipta prostrata and Cyperus rotundus. Highest weed density and weed dry matter were recorded at spacing s3. N levels and S x N interactions had no significant influence on weed density and weed dry matter. Relative weed density recoded highest at spacing s2 (grasses) and s3 (broad leaved weeds) and at N level n3 (grasses) and n2 (sedge). The treatment combination, s2n3 had the highest relative density of grasses (41.82 %) and this result was on par with s2n1 and s1n3. In sedge, s1n2 and s2n2 had the highest relative weed density (32.76 %). Spacing and S x N interaction had no significant effect on chlorophyll content but N levels had significant influence on it. Within N levels, n3 recoded the highest chlorophyll content. Spacing, N level and their interaction had no significant effect on crude fibre content. In case of crude protein content, spacing and S x N interaction had no significant influence while N levels had significant influence on it. Among nitrogen levels, n3 recorded the highest crude protein content. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had no significant effect on the soil pH, EC and OC content of soil. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had significant effect on available N, P and K content in soil after the experiment. Spacing s3 recorded highest value of available N, P and the results were on par with s2. Spacing s2 recorded the highest amount of available K and was on par with s3. Within N levels, n3 recorded significantly higher amount of available N and n1 recorded the highest available P and K. Among S x N interaction, s3n3 recorded the maximum available N and the result was found on par with s2n3. In case of P and K, s2n1 had the maximum available P and K. Spacing and S x N interactions had no significant effect on the N content of fodder oat whereas N levels had significant effect on it. Within N levels, n3 recorded significantly higher N content and it was on par with n2. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had no significant influence on the P and K content of fodder oat. Spacing, N levels and their interaction had significant influence on N, P and K uptake of fodder oat. Within spacing, s1 recorded the highest N, P and K uptake. Among N levels, n3 recorded highest value of N, P and K uptake. The treatment combination s1n3 recorded highest value of N (120.97 kg ha-1), P (27.91 kg ha-1) and K (100.46 kg ha-1) uptake and the results were on par with s2n3. Spacing and S x N interaction had no significant influence on LAI and LAD, but it had significant effect on SLA. Spacing s2 and s2n3 interaction recorded the highest SLA. N levels had significant influence on LAI, LAD and SLA. Within N levels, n3 recorded the highest LAI (30 DAS & harvest), LAD and SLA. S x N interaction had significant effect on net income and B:C ratio. Among treatment combinations, s1n3 recorded the highest net income and B:C ratio (1.87). From the study, it can be concluded that fodder oat can be profitably cultivated in AEU 20 at a row spacing of 15 cm with application of 120 kg N ha-1 in two splits at basal (60 %) and 40 DAS (40 %) along with basal application of 15 t ha-1 FYM, 40 kg ha-1 P2O5, 40 kg ha-120
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    Enhancing nutrient use efficiency through nano-DAP in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2024-01-10) Akshara, B.; Shimi, G J
    The study entitled “Enhancing nutrient use efficiency through nano-DAP in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted during 2021-2023 at College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate foliar applied DAP and nano-DAP on growth, nutrient use efficiency, yield and working out the economics in upland rice. The study was carried out in randomized block design with (4×2)+1 treatments replicated thrice at Instructional Farm from November 2022 to February 2023. The treatments included two factors, levels of recommended dose of nutrients (N) with four levels of N and P (n1: 100 per cent N and P; n2: 75 per cent N and P; n3: 50 per cent N and P and n4: 25 per cent N and P); and two levels of foliar fertilizers (F) applied at AT (active tillering) and PI (panicle initiation) stages (f1: 2 per cent DAP and f2: 0.2 per cent nano-DAP), compared against KAU POP as control. The rice variety used for the study was Prathyasa and nutrient recommendation followed was 60:30:30 kg NPK ha-1 as per the KAU POP. The results of the study indicated that the levels of recommended dose of nutrients had significant effect on growth attributes of rice. Significantly taller plants were recorded in n1 and was on par with n2 and n3 at flowering stage. The highest number of tillers per square metre, leaf area per hill and LAI were recorded in n1 at AT (663.33 tillers m-2 , 593.58 cm2 , 3.96 respectively), PI (739.00 tillers m-2 , 1003.88 cm2 , 6.69 respectively) and flowering (683.00 tillers m-2 , 1140.90 cm2 , 7.61 respectively) stages. Leaf area duration (LAD) during AT to PI (79.87 days), PI to flowering (107.24 days), flag leaf area per hill (61.23 cm2 ) and total dry matter production (8852 kg ha-1 ) were also higher in n1. Among foliar fertilizers, the highest leaf area per hill and LAI were obtained in f1 at PI and flowering stages. The longest LAD during PI to flowering stages, and flag leaf area per hill were also recorded in f1. Considering the interaction, n1f1 resulted in significantly higher leaf area, flag leaf area per hill, and total dry matter production. Treatments are significantly higher than that of control with respect to growth attributes in rice. The productive tillers per square metre (513.17 and 455.75), number of grains per panicle (105.75 and 95.56), grain yield (4.91 t ha-1 and 4.46 t ha-1 ) and straw yield (5.73 t ha-1 and 5.24 t ha-1 ) were observed to be the highest in n1 and f1 respectively. Significantly higher harvest index (0.467) was noticed in n2 which was on par with n1. The lowest sterility percentage was recorded in f1. The combination, n1f1 was significantly superior in producing the higher productive tillers per square metre, grains per panicle, grain and straw yield. However, the highest harvest index was obtained in n2f2 (0.472). Significantly higher leaf N and P contents were recorded in n1 for both AT and PI stages. At harvest stage, grain N content was higher in n1 which was on par with n2. The highest straw N content and grain P content were recorded in n1. The highest straw P content was in n2 and straw K content was higher in n1 which was on par with n2 and n3. Among foliar fertilizers, f1 resulted in higher leaf N content at PI stage, grain P and K contents and straw P content at harvest stage. Significantly higher leaf N content at PI, grain and straw P contents and grain K content at harvest stage were recorded in f1. Considering the interaction, n1f1 had significantly higher leaf N and P contents at AT and PI stages but was on par with n1f2. At harvest stage, higher grain P content was with n1f1 and n1f2. However, straw P content was higher in n2f2 and n3f1. Straw K content was higher in n1f2 but was on par with n2f1. Crude protein content was higher in n1, was on par with n2 and n3. The treatment, n1 resulted in significantly higher N (130.02 kg ha-1 ), P (32.31 kg ha-1 ) and K uptake (145.32 kg ha-1 ) but was comparable with n2 for K uptake. Foliar fertilizers had significant effect on P uptake (26.05 kg ha-1 ) with the highest value in f1. When significantly higher N uptake of 136.69 kg ha-1 was recorded in n1f1, the interaction n2f1 produced the highest K uptake. On comparing treatments with control, n1f1 recorded significantly higher N, P, K uptake. When the highest agronomic efficiency (AE) and physiological efficiency (PE) of N and P were recorded in n2, the highest apparent recovery efficiency (ARE) of N was obtained in n4, and that of P in n3. The treatment f1 resulted in the highest AE of N (36.86 kg kg-1 ), and PE of N (19.24 kg kg-1 ) and P (73.24 kg kg-1 ). However, higher ARE of P (94.74%) was recorded in f2. Considering the interaction, PE of N was significantly higher with n3f1 whereas PE of P was the highest with n2f1. Significantly higher ARE of N and P were obtained in n3f2. Significantly higher chlorophyll contents at AT and PI stages were observed in n1. Among foliar fertilizers, f1 had the highest value at PI stage. Soil available N (263.58 kg ha-1 ) was higher in n1. The highest available P was recorded with n2 (106.82 kg ha-1 ), f1 (103.92 kg ha-1 ) and n2f1 (117.86 kg ha-1 ). Significantly higher net income and B:C ratio were recorded in n1 (₹ 39,497 ha-1 , 1.21), f1 (₹ 21,633 ha-1 , 1.12) and n1f1 (₹ 47,124 ha-1 , 1.26). From the study it could be concluded that, soil application of 100 per cent recommended dose of N (60 kg ha-1 ), P (30 kg ha-1 ) and K (30 kg ha-1 ) supplemented with foliar application of 2 per cent DAP (Diammonium phosphate) at active tillering and panicle initiation stages were effective for enhancing growth, productivity, nutrient use efficiency and economics in upland rice Rice
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    Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in the southern laterites
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani xvi,170p., 2023-12-16) Sruthy, H.; Shalini Pillai, P
    : The study entitled “Rationalisation of phosphorus and potassium nutrition in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the Southern Laterites” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2021-2023. The key objectives were to assess the productivity and quality of cowpea in response to varied doses of phosphorus and potassium supplemented with foliar nutrition, and to compute the economics. The field experiment was carried out at the Integrated Farming System Research Station, Karamana, from December 2022 to February 2023. It was laid out in randomised block design with (2 x 3 x 2) + 1 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments comprised combinations of two levels of P (p1-100 % RDP, p2-50 % RDP), three levels of K (k1 - 100 % RDK, k2 - 150 % RDK, k3 - 200 % RDK) and foliar application at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1 - nano DAP @ 0.4%, f2 - PSAP @ 0.4 %), compared against a control (KAU POP). The variety used for the study was PGCP-6 and the fertilizer recommendation followed was 20:30:10 kg NPK ha-1 . All other cultural operations were carried out as per the KAU POP. The treatment, p1 (100 % RDP) resulted in significantly taller plants at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS and 60 DAS), the highest CGR, RGR and NAR at 15-30 DAS, more number of nodules and the highest total dry matter production (DMP). The treatment, p2 (50 % RDP) resulted in the highest CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS, and RGR at 45-60 DAS. Among the levels of K, 200 per cent RDK (k3) recorded significantly taller plants (45 DAS and 60 DAS) with more number of primary branches (45 DAS), RGR, CGR and NAR (15-30 DAS) and total DMP (4917 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of nano DAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f1) resulted in more number of primary branches, LAI and RGR at 60 DAS, and total DMP (4925 kg ha-1 ). Foliar application of PSAP (0.4 %) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (f2) resulted in more number of nodules per plant, and CGR and NAR at 30-45 DAS. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k1f1 (100 % RDP + 100 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 %) resulted in higher total DMP, and was on par with p1k3f1. The treatment combination, p2k2f2 resulted in higher NAR and remained comparable with p2k1f1, p1k1f2 and p1k2f2, at 45-60 DAS. The treatment combination, p2k1f1 resulted in significantly higher LAI (2.94) at 60 DAS and CGR at 30- 45 DAS. The treatments were superior to control with respect to growth attributes and total DMP. The treatments, p2, k1 and f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (23.42, 23.17, 22.57), seeds per pod (16.51, 15.81, 15.88), pod yield (1700 kg ha-1 , 1669 kg ha-1 , 1619 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1484 kg ha-1 , 1433 kg ha-1 , 1395 kg ha-1 ). However, the highest haulm yields (4451 kg ha-1 , 4235 kg ha-1 ) were observed with 100% RDP (p1) and 200% RDK (k3). Among the interaction effects, p2k1f2 resulted in the highest number of pods per plant (26.17), pod yield (1892 kg ha-1 ) and seed yield (1642 kg ha -1 ) and significantly higher number of seeds per pod (20.17), which was at par with p2k3f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to yield attributes and yield, except haulm yield. While, p1 (100% RDP) recorded the highest uptake of N and P, and apparent recovery efficiency of P (AREp), the treatments, p2 (50% RDP) and k1 (100% RDK) resulted in the highest partial factor productivity (PFPp), agronomic efficiency (AEp) and physiological efficiency (PEp). While f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (247.35 kg ha-1 ), f2 (PSAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest chlorophyll content at 45 DAS (1.92 mg g-1 ) and P uptake (21.55 kg ha-1 ), AEp (24.75 kg kg-1 ) and AREp (53.12 %) of P. Among the P x K x F interactions, p1k3f1 (100 % RDP + 200 % RDK + nano DAP @ 0.4 % at 20 DAS and 40 DAS) resulted in the highest N uptake (265.11 kg ha-1 ) and p1k3f2 resulted in the highest P uptake (28.53 kg ha-1 ). The highest PFPp (98.93 kg kg-1 ) and AEp (44.84 kg kg-1 ) were recorded with p2k1f2. The treatments were superior to control with respect to NPK uptake, PFPp and AEp. The seed quality in terms of zinc content was observed to be superior with 50% RDP (p2) and f1 (nano DAP @ 0.4% at 20 DAS and 40 DAS). The seed crude protein content responded significantly to K and remained comparable among the three levels of K. The treatment, k3 resulted in the highest organic carbon content (1.17 %), available P (65.27 kg ha-1 ) and available K (236.74 kg ha-1 ). The treatment, f2 resulted in the highest soil available P (62.77 kg ha-1 ). Among the P x K x F interactions, the highest net gain in available N (205.10 kg ha-1 ), available P (7.67 kg ha-1 ) and available K (68.24 kg ha-1 ) were observed with the treatment combinations, p2k3f2, p1k3f2 and p1k3f1 respectively. The treatments were superior to control with respect to pH, organic carbon, and available NPK status of the post-harvest soil. Significantly higher net income and benefit cost ratio were recorded with p2 (₹62,879 ha-1 ,1.99), k1 (₹58,307 ha-1 , 1.92), f2 (₹54,256 ha-1 , 1.85) and p2k1f2 (₹76,120 ha-1 , 2.20). Considering the yield, economics and phosphorus use efficiency, application of full dose of N (20 kg ha-1 ) along with 50 per cent recommended dose of P (15 kg ha-1 ) + 100 per cent recommended dose of K (10 kg ha-1 ), supplemented with foliar application of potassium salt of active phosphorus (0.4%) at 20 DAS and 40 DAS (p2k1f2), could be adjudged as the best treatment for higher productivity and profitability of grain cowpea in the Southern Laterites of Kerala (AEU 8)
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    Crop lodging management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2022-09-13) Oormila, T P; Anitha, S
    The research programme entitled “Crop lodging management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted with the objective of standardizing the agronomic practices for crop lodging management in upland rice. The experiment was carried out in the Agronomy farm of the College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara during the period from June 2020 to September 2020. The upland variety used was Vaishak. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial) and replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of two levels of growth regulator application viz., 50 ppm paclobutrazol and control, three levels of planting method viz., dibbling at 15 × 10 cm, dibbling at 20 × 15 cm and broadcasting and three levels of nutrient application viz., soil-test based N: P2O5: K2O, 75% N, 100% P2O5, 125% K2O, 20 kg/ha Si and 50% N, 100% P2O5, 150% K2O, 20 kg/ha Si. Biometric parameters like plant height, culm length and leaf area of rice were significantly reduced by the foliar spray of 50 ppm paclobutrazol. But the effect was significant only up to 60 DAS indicating the low persistence of the chemical in the plant. Dibbling resulted in the overall improvement of biometric parameters compared to broadcasting. The plant height and number of tillers per hill were high from dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing at 30 and 90 DAS. The number of tillers per hill was on par with dibbling at 15 × 10 cm spacing. Even with a lower plant population than broadcasting, the dry matter production from dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing was on par with broadcasting. The plants which got soil-test-based N: P2O5: K2O had taller plants at 60 and 90 DAS as well as high dry matter production at harvest due to the effect of high N. The number of tillers per hill was also higher from this treatment and on par with 75% N, 100% P2O5 125% K2O, 20 kg/ha Si level. The plants which received 75% N, 100% P2O5 125% K2O, and 20 kg/ha Si recorded the thickest culms at 60 DAS and the plants which received 50% N, 100% P2O5, 150% K2O and 20 kg/ha Si application recorded the thickest culms at 60 and 90 DAS. The Si control had lower culm thickness at all the stages. Application of soil-test-based N: P2O5: K2O resulted in the highest culm length at 90 DAS. At 60 DAS, the lodging index was significantly influenced by the planting method and at 90 DAS by nutrient management. The lodging index from dibbling at 15 × 10 cm was high and on par with broadcasting at 60 DAS. The lodging index was low from dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing at all the stages. The application of soil-test-based N: P2O5: K2O resulted in the highest lodging index. The highest number of panicles per square meter was obtained from 50 ppm paclobutrazol foliar spray, dibbling at 15 × 10 cm spacing and the application of 75% N, 100% P2O5, 125% K2O and 20 kg/ha Si. The number of grains per panicle was high from dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing. The other yield attributing parameters did not register any significant variation among treatments. The grain yield was not influenced by paclobutrazol application. However, the straw yield was significantly reduced and hence harvest index was increased from the treatment. Dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing resulted in the highest grain yield and the highest harvest index due to reduced lodging. Straw yield was highest from dibbling at 15 × 10 cm due to the high plant population compared to dibbling at 20×15 cm spacing. Application of 75% N, 100% P2O5 125% K2O and 20 kg/ha Si recorded the highest grain yield and harvest index. The straw yield was highest from soil-test based recommendation N: P2O5: K2O. When N dose was reduced to half, even though lodging was less, grain yield was significantly affected. Hence a nutrient level of 75% N, 100% P2O5 125% K2O of soil-test-based recommendation and 20 kg/ha Si can be considered optimum both in terms of lodging and grain yield. The application of different N: P2O5: K2O: Si levels had a significant influence on the uptake of N and Si at harvest. The highest and superior nitrogen uptake was recorded in the plants that got 100 % N: P2O5: K2O of soil-test based recommendation. The Si uptake from the nutrient level 75% N, 100% P2O5, 125% K2O, 20 kg/ha Si was higher and on par with that from 50% N, 100% P2O5, 150% K2O and 20 kg/ha Si level and was 56 % higher compared to Si control. The gross return from rice cultivation recorded no significant variation among paclobutrazol treated and control plants because the treatment had no significant impact on grain yield. Hence, the net return and B:C ratio were significantly higher in the control. Dibbling at 20cm × 15cm spacing and application of 75% N, 100% P2O5, 125% K2O and 20 kg/ha Si resulted in the highest gross return, net return and B:C ratio. Planting of rice at 20cm × 15cm spacing and application of 75% N, 100% P2O5, 125% K2O of soil test-based recommendation and 20 kg/ha Si resulted in reduced lodging, increased yield and net return of upland rice variety Vaishak
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    Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extractives for coconut wood preservation
    (Department of Forest Products and Utilization, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2024-12-17) Yathin, P V; Vishnu, R
    The global demand for timber has been rising at an unprecedented rate, exerting immense pressure on natural forests. To meet this demand sustainably requires a shift towards alternative timber sources. Although abundant, the use of coconut wood is limited by its low natural durability. Traditional preservatives, such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), copper chromium borate (CCB), and pentachlorophenol, have been used to enhance wood durability, but they pose significant environmental risks. Consequently, biopreservation techniques and advanced nanoparticle applications have emerged as potential eco-friendly solutions. This study addresses a key research gap between bio-preservation and nanoparticle technologies by exploring the effectiveness of green-synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) in enhancing the properties of coconut wood. Copper nanoparticles were synthesized using plant extracts from neem (Azadirachta indica), lantana (Lantana camara), senna (Senna spectabilis), and teak (Tectona grandis). Characterization of these nanoparticles through UV-Spectroscopy revealed peak values in the 300-350 nm range. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) displayed, both spherical and rod-shaped particles, ranging from 8.84 nm to 95.17 nm. Energy-dispersive X ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the presence of copper and oxygen peaks, indicative of either cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) or cupric oxide (CuO) formation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses also revealed significant peaks for copper. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) identified two major weight loss regions between 50–150°C and 200–450°C, showing thermal stability and a weight loss of approximately 60% at approximately 600°C. Following synthesis, CuNPs were impregnated into medium-density coconut wood through a vacuum of 3.99 kPa (1.18 in/Hg), which was initially created and maintained for 30 min. This was followed by applying a pressure of 6 bar (87.12 PSI) for 90 min. Successful impregnation was confirmed by FE-SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. Physical, chemical, and durability tests were conducted, including Weight Percent Gain (WPG), Anti-Swelling Efficiency (ASE), Bulking Effect (BE), Water Uptake (WU), Volumetric Swelling (VS), UV weatherability, and termite resistance. The results indicate that the teak-extracted CuNPs achieved the highest yield and provided superior protection. The CuNP–teak treatment exhibited the highest WPG of 2.22%, indicating effective nanoparticle penetration and integration with the wood matrix. Additionally, CuNP-teak treatment yielded the highest bulking effect (2.04%) and water xxiv resistance, with a minimum absorption rate of 16.69% compared to 52.32% in the untreated control, highlighting significant hydrophobic enhancement. Similarly, CuNP-teak-treated wood demonstrated excellent dimensional stability, with the lowest volumetric swelling (2.00%) and highest ASE (83.54%), substantially outperforming the control sample (12.17% VS). Termite resistance tests revealed that CuNP-teak treated wood experienced minimal degradation, with a weight loss of only 0.61%, compared to 25.36% in untreated wood. Other nanoparticle treatments, such as CuSO₄.5H₂O (1.54%), CuNP-neem (1.65%), and CuNP lantana (1.95%), also caused minimal termite damage. Among the plant extracts, teak extract provided notable protection, with a 1.93% weight loss, which showed the cumulative effect of teak extract and CuNPs against the subterranean termite. UV-weatherability analysis, conducted via a QUV accelerated weathering tester for 278 h, showed that CuNPs provided limited protection against UV-induced color changes, with ΔE* values comparable to those of the control. In conclusion, the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles presents a promising and sustainable approach for enhancing the durability, dimensional stability, and termite resistance of coconut wood. However, additional research is required to ensure the safe and scalable application of nanoparticle-based wood preservation
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    Evaluation of chilli (Capsicum spp.) genotypes for mite resistance
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara, 2024-10-21) Akshaya, R; Asish, I Edakkalathur
    Chilli is an important crop which finds its use as vegetable, spice, ethnic medicine, cosmetics and in industry. Biotic and abiotic stresses impair chilli production and its quality. Among the biotic stresses, bacterial wilt and sucking pests are the major causes of concern. In summer months, there is drastic reduction in quality and quantity of chilli due to combined attack of thrips and mites which are often referred to as sucking pest complex. Sustainable, environment-friendly and cost- effective pest management strategy to combat mite pests is the development of mite resistant varieties. To achieve this, it is essential to identify resistant genotypes from germplasm and understand the host plant resistance mechanisms. In the above perspective, present study was conducted during October, 2021 to December, 2022 at College of Agriculture, Vellanikkara with the objectives of evaluation of chilli genotypes for resistance to mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks) and identification of biochemical characters associated with the mite resistance. The study comprised of two experiments. First experiment was germplasm evaluation for mite resistance and economic parameters. Materials used for the study included 71 genotypes collected from Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, CoA, Vellanikkara, ICAR-NBPGR-RS Hyderabad, Nicobar lines received from ICAR-NBPGR-RS Thrissur, and farmers of Kerala. Genotypes were raised in augmented block design with five check varieties viz., Anugraha, Vellayani Thejus, Vellayani Samrudhi, Keerthi, and Arka Meghana during October, 2021 to May, 2022. Mite susceptible landrace Byadgi kaddi was raised around the field to ensure mite population in the field. Observations were recorded on primary leaf colour, days to flowering, immature fruit colour, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fruit weight (g), number of fruits per plant and yield per plant (g). Many genotypes surpassed the superior check variety in above economic characters. Majority of accessions had green primary leaf and immature fruit. Number of leaves showing downward curling symptoms were recorded at 45, 60, and 75 days after transplanting (DAT) and Per cent Leaf curl Index (PLI) was estimated. Genotypes were grouped as resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible based on PLI. Two genotypes viz., PbCa 445 and PbCa 446 were recorded as resistant and 12 genotypes viz., were recorded as moderately resistant. Except Keerthi, all varieties used as checks were recorded as susceptible or highly susceptible. Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes were forwarded to the next season for validation of resistance inside polyhouse. Fourteen resistant genotypes identified in the previous season were raised in polyhouse during July to December, 2022 for validation of resistance. Five most susceptible genotypes identified in the previous season were also raised for comparative study. Artificial inoculation was carried out at 25 DAT through leaf clipping method. PLI was estimated at 45, 60, and 75 DAT as in the first experiment to confirm the resistance reaction of selected genotypes. Genotypes viz., PbCa 445, PbCa 451, PbCa 417 and PbCa 446 were noted as least susceptible with average PLI of 30.00 to 36.67. All other genotypes including Keerthi were grouped as highly susceptible with average of PLI ranging from 62.22 to 91.11. Number of eggs and active stages of mites were recorded at 45, 60 and 75 DAT. Total number of eggs and active stages averaged on above three stages ranged from 14.07 to 170 per six leaves. Genotypes PbCa 445 and PbCa 451 were recorded with lowest average PLI of 30, whereas genotypes PbCa 446 and PbCa 451 were recorded with lowest total number of eggs and active stages of mite with values of 14.07 and 27.04, respectively. Non- glandular and glandular trichome densities were recorded from both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaf. Number of mite eggs, active stages and total mite number were positively correlated with density of adaxial non-glandular trichomes. Adaxial non-glandular trichomes in moderately susceptible genotypes ranged from zero to 28 per cent per square centimetre, whereas it was in the range of 5.67 to 100 in highly susceptible genotypes. Other types of trichomes were not associated with number of eggs or active stages of mite. Protein, sugar and phenol content were estimated from selected genotypes of which sugar showed negative correlation with PLI. Four moderately susceptible genotypes validated in the present study could be used in the further breeding programme. Selected genotypes may be crossed in diallel mating design and resultant F1 generation may be evaluated to know genetics of mite resistance and to obtain desirable genetic combinations having mite resistance and yield.
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    Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-02-17) Anjali, S; Sudha, B
    The research work entitled “Bio recycling for nutrient management and yield enhancement of rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2022 with the objective to identify a suitable crop nutrition package integrating bio resources and inorganic fertilizers for yield enhancement in rice. The study was carried out as two experiments at the Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana. The first experiment included production of composts using different organic substrates viz., rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro found associated with rice-based cropping systems. The experiment was carried out from September to December, 2021. The statistical design followed was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. From treatments T1 to T4, different substrates (rice chaff, water hyacinth, salvinia and wild taro) were co-composted using cow dung and poultry manure in the ratio 4:1:1 (v/v). The substrates were co-composted using cow dung and goat manure in T5 to T8. The time taken for compost maturation, percentage recovery of composts and quality parameters of different composts were found to vary significantly with different co-composting methods. Co-composting of wild taro with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded significant earliness in maturity of compost (64 days) and was comparable to T6 (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure). Rice chaff co-composted with cow dung and poultry manure (T1) recorded highest recovery of compost (29.85%). Treatment T8 recorded a narrow C:N ratio (12.33) and was comparable to T6 (12.58). The different composts varied in their nutrient contents also. Compost generated from T6 recorded higher N (2.28 %), P (1.08 %) and K (2.7 %) contents. T2 (co-composting water hyacinth with cow dung and poultry manure) recorded significantly higher micro nutrient contents and was comparable to T6. Co-composting of salvinia with cow dung and goat manure (T8) recorded the highest boron content. The content of silicon was significantly higher in T5 (rice chaff + cow dung + goat manure) and was comparable to T6. Content of plant nutrients was the lowest in T5. Different composts generated from Experiment I were used for crop nutrition of rice var. Uma. The field experiment was conducted from last week of January to first week of June, 2022 and was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments and three replications. Following the recommended dose of nutrients (90:45:45 kg ha-1 ) for rice and based on soil test data, the NPK dose decided for the experimental field was 70.2: 16.6: 42.3 kg ha-1 . For treatment T1 (control), the KAU Package of Practices Recommendation for crop nutrition was followed on soil test data basis. From treatments T2 to T9, respective composts generated under Experiment I were provided as basal dose @ 2.5 t ha-1 . This was followed by 75 per cent of the recommended nutrients as chemical fertilizers and 25 per cent through respective composts, on N equivalent basis. Full phosphorus was given as basal; whereas N and K were provided in equal splits as basal and at PI stage. The results revealed that treatments had significant influence on the growth, yield and physiological parameters of rice. Basal application of compost 6 @ 2.5 t ha-1 followed by 25 per cent of the recommended nutrients through compost and the rest through chemical fertilizers (T7) recorded taller plants at PI and harvest, tiller count at all the growth stages and dry matter production at harvest. Physiological parameters like leaf area index and SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading were also the highest with T7. Application of different composts significantly influenced the weed dry weight at 20 and 40 DAT and significantly lower weed dry weights were recorded with T6. Grain yield (2933 kg ha-1 ) as well as yield attributes were significantly higher with T7. Soil nutrient status after crop harvest was significantly influenced by different treatments. The P and K status of soil was significantly higher in T7 (35 and 167 kg ha-1 ) and was comparable to T1. Different treatments could not significantly influence the soil pH, EC, soil organic carbon and available nitrogen after the experiment. Nutrient uptake by crop was significantly higher in T7 and remained comparable with T8 and T1. Regarding economics, T7 recorded the highest net income (₹ 67, 476 ha-1 ) and B:C ratio (1.59). This was followed by T1 with net returns ₹ 55, 837 ha-1 and B:C ratio 1.58. The present study revealed that bio resources like aquatic weeds and rice chaff associated with rice-based system could be value added through co-composting using locally available organic manures to generate quality composts. Application of water hyacinth compost (water hyacinth + cow dung + goat manure in 4:1:1 ratio v/v) @ 2.5 t ha-1 as basal dose followed by 75 per cent of RDN as inorganic and 25 per cent as water hyacinth compost on N equivalent basis could be recommended as a prospective bio recycling option for higher yield and economics of rice during the summer season.
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    Carbon dioxide evolution and yield responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under organic nutrition
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-01-16) Pallavi, K N; Sheeba Rebecca Isaac
    The research work entitled “Carbon dioxide evolution and yield responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under organic nutrition” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020 to 2022 with the objectives, to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution from different organic sources and to evaluate the response of tomato to CO2 evolved under organic nutrition. The study was conducted as two experiments, i) laboratory incubation and ii) field experiment in trenches (elevated CO2) and under open field condition (ambient CO2). The incubation experiment was carried out in Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during January to March 2022 in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with twelve treatments in three replications. The treatments included were T1 : farmyard manure (FYM), T2 : vermicompost, T3 : poultry manure, T4 : glyricidia leaves, T5 : coir pith compost, T6 : goat manure, T7 : groundnut cake, T8 : neem cake, T9 : rice husk biochar, T10 : rice straw, T11 : chemical fertilizer (3:1.6:1 ratio of N, P2O5, K2O respectively) and T12 : soil. The data recorded were subjected to statistical analysis using GRAPES software. Characterisation of the organic manures revealed that groundnut cake had superior N, P and K contents and rice straw had the lowest contents. The narrowest C : N ratio (11.63:1) was recorded in FYM and the widest, in rice straw (90.90:1) and rice husk biochar (68.25:1). Microbial counts were significantly higher in poultry manure and glyricidia leaves and lower in coir pith compost (bacteria) and rice husk biochar (fungi and actinomycetes). Assessment of CO2 evolution showed a gradual increase in the initial stages with the peak at the eighth week of incubation, and later,declined. The highest evolution (344.43 mg of CO2 100 g-1 soil) was recorded in poultry manure treatment followed by glyricidia leaves and significantly lower in chemical fertilizer and soil alone. Carbon dioxide evolution from the media declined in the order, poultry manure > glyricidia leaves > rice straw > vermicompost > goat manure > FYM > groundnut cake > coir pith compost > neem cake > rice husk biochar > soil alone > chemical fertilizer. The release from organic sources was 14.40 to 47.30 per cent more than that from chemical fertilizers and the highest was from poultry manure, 40.90 per cent higher than from soil. The C degradation rate constant (0.062) was the highest in rice husk biochar and the lowest in vermicompost (0.031). The field experiment was laid out in CRD with six treatments replicated thrice during November 2021 to March 2022 at the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. The treatments comprised T1: FYM, T2: vermicompost, T3 : poultry manure, T4 : FYM + 138 glyricidia leaves, T5 : vermicompost + poultry manure and T6 : integrated nutrient management (INM). Tomato variety Manuprabha was raised at 60 cm x 60 cm spacing in the open and in trenches. The NPK recommendation followed was 75:40:25 kg ha-1 and all cultural practices followed were as per the package recommendations (KAU, 2016). The data recorded were subjected to statistical analysis using GRAPES software and the treatments with no values were excluded from statistical analysis. In the open condition, plants were taller with superior number of branches, leaf area and rooting depth and the highest photosynthetic rate in INM (T6) and the lowest in the combination of vermicompost + poultry manure (T5). Flowering was early in INM (26.7 days) with more number of fruits per plant (32.3), fruit weight (63.49 g) and fruit yield (2215 g plant -1 ). Among the organic sources, FYM was found to be superior. Fruits contributed maximum (73.46 – 84.18 %) to total biomass. Quality attributes viz., sucrose, ascorbic acid and lycopene content were significantly the highest in INM and the lowest in T5, whereas, catalase activity and nutrient uptake were significantly higher in T5 treatment. Post experiment soil analysis elicited non significant variations in soil pH, but organic C was significantly the highest in FYM treatment . Available NPK status and microbial counts revealed the high fertility status in vermicompost + poultry manure application. Carbon dioxide evolution increased up to the 4 th and 5th week and decreased thereafter. The total CO2 release was the highest in T5 (37,124 mg kg-1 soil) and the least in T1 (35,004 mg kg-1 soil). The trend in CO2 release was T5>T4>T3>T6>T2>T1. Integrated nutrient management was found to be the most profitable practice with a net return of ₹ 9396.82 per 40 m2 and B:C of 3.15 ratio. Growth attributes viz., plant height and number of branches were significantly higher in the treatment FYM + glyricidia leaves in trenches, while leaf area and root parameters were higher in INM, on par with FYM + glyricidia leaves and sole application of FYM. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate recorded were the highest in INM. Tomato plants in trenches showed poor fruit set and yields. Among the nutrient management treatments, flowering was the earliest in sole FYM application and INM (31.3 and 31.7 days respectively). Stigma protrusion and severe flower drop caused poor fruit set in trenches and hence hand pollination was carried out. However, the treatments T3, T4 and T5 failed to set fruits. The average fruit numbers recorded were 2.7 in T1, 1.7 in T2 and 2.00 in T6. The largest fruits (12.85 g) and per plant yield (63.03 g) were recorded in T1. Vegetative biomass contributed the maximum (85.68 – 100 %) to total biomass. Among the treatments, INM recorded superior fruit quality and plant nutrient uptake. Soil analysis after the experiment 139 revealed significantly higher organic C in FYM application and combination of vermicompost and poultry manure, higher soil NPK status and microbial population. The total CO2 release was the highest in vermicompost + poultry manure treatment (71,247 mg kg-1 soil) and the lowest in FYM (60,895 mg kg-1 soil). The trend in CO2 release was T5>T4>T3>T6>T2>T1. Air and soil temperatures were comparatively higher in T5 and relative humidity was 100 per cent in all treatments throughout the experiment. Economic analysis revealed negative net returns and very negligible B:C ratios. Comparing the effect of nutrient sources on tomato grown in open field and elevated CO2 condition (t test), it was unveiled that the tomato plants grown in trenches recorded taller plants and higher leaf area and improved physiological attributes except stomatal conductance. Fruit and vegetative biomass were the major drivers for the total biomass production in open and trenches respectively. Fruit set and yield were higher in open but, quality attributes were higher in fruits set in trenches than in open. Based on the results of the study it could be concluded that addition of organic sources in soil increased the CO2 evolution and it was the highest from poultry manure. Carbon degradation declined in the order, FYM > vermicompost > poultry manure > soil alone > coir pith compost > goat manure > rice straw > glyricidia leaves > neem cake > chemical fertilizer > groundnut cake > rice husk biochar. In the open, the influence of the nutrient sources was more prominent and high economic yields in tomato were realized in INM (75:40:25 kg NPK ha-1 along with FYM @ 20 t ha-1 ). Among the organic nutrition treatments, T1, FYM (@ 2.65 t ha-1 along with alternative application of vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 and supernatant solution of fermented neem cake @1 kg 10 L-1 at 10 days interval up to 2 MAP) was superior in terms of yield and B:C ratio. In the trenches, CO2 evolution significantly influenced the vegetative growth and fruit setting. Fruit setting was poor and yields were realized with artificial pollination in FYM, vermicompost and INM, and the yield per plant was comparatively higher in organic nutrient management with FYM.
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    Productivity enhancement of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek) under system of crop intensification (SCI)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-01-09) Koduru Sowmya; Bindhu, J S
    The study entitled “Productivity enhancement of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under system of crop intensification (SCI)” was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2020-2022. The objectives were to standardize the plant population and to assess the effect of foliar nutrition in enhancing the productivity of green gram in summer fallows through a system of crop intensification. The field experiment was conducted from February 2022 to May 2022, in farmer’s field at Southern Coastal Plain (AEU 1), Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with 16 treatment combinations and four replications. The main plot treatment was spacing (S1- spacing of 25 cm x 15 cm with single seedling hill-1 , S2 -spacing of 25 cm x 15 cm with double seedling hill-1 , S3 -spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with single seedling hill1 , S4- spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with double seedling hill-1 ) and the sub plot treatment was foliar application (F1 - Urea @ 2%, F2 - DAP @ 2%, F3 - KNO3 @ 0.5%, F4 - DAP @ 2% + KNO3 @ 0.5% at 15 and 30 DAS). All other management practices were followed as per Package of Practices Recommendations of Kerala Agricultural University (KAU, 2016). The green gram variety, CO 8 was used for the experiment. The growth attributes of green gram viz., plant height, number of leaves plant-1 , number of branches plant-1 , leaf area and dry matter production were recorded at 15 DAS, 30 DAS, 45 DAS, 60 DAS and at harvest. The growth attributes were significantly higher with single seedling (S1 and S3) compared to double seedling hill-1 (S2 and S4) at all the growth stages. Among the foliar application treatments, F3 and F4 recorded significantly superior growth attributes. The physiological parameters, viz., CGR, RGR, NAR and LAI also varied significantly with spacing and foliar application. The results indicated that the yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (27.06), and number of seeds pod-1 (12.25) were higher with S3 whereas length of 130 pod (7.99 cm) was higher with S1. Among the foliar nutrition treatments, higher yield components were recorded in F3. Spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with single seedling hill-1 (S3) recorded higher seed yield (899.44 kg ha-1 ) and it was at par with S1 and significantly superior to the other two spacings. Single seedling treatments (S1 and S3) showed a yield increase of 10.7 per cent and 38.2 per cent, over double seedling treatments (S2 and S4). Haulm yield was higher with S1 and it was on par with S3. Foliar nutrition with KNO3 at 0.5% (F3) at 15 and 30 DAS recorded higher grain yield and haulm yield (880.85 and 1854.29 kg ha-1 , respectively) and remained at par with F4. Weed density and weed dry weight were lower (9.75 m-2 and 18.54 g m-2 , respectively) in S2 than S3 (15.94 m-2 and 28.92 g m-2 , respectively). Weed density and weed dry weight were significantly lower in F2 and higher in F1. Higher uptake of N, P and K were observed with S1 and S3. Among the foliar nutrition treatments, higher N (49.60 kg ha-1 ) and P uptake (10.11 kg ha-1 ) were observed with F4. K uptake (27.07 kg ha-1 ) was higher with F3 and was at par with F4. Post-harvest analysis of soil revealed higher available N (378.06 kg ha-1 ) and available K (193.60 kg ha-1 ) in S1 and it was at par with S2. Available P was higher (112.42 kg ha-1 ) in S3 and was comparable with S2. Among the foliar nutrition treatments, higher status of available N and P were observed with F4 and available K with F3. The economics of cultivation varied with spacing and foliar nutrition treatments. Spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with one seedling hill-1 (S3) along with foliar nutrition of KNO3 at 0.5% (F3) at 15 and 30 DAS recorded higher net returns (₹ 43868 ha-1 ) and benefit cost ratio (1.75). From the study it could be concluded that, planting green gram at a spacing of 25 cm x 25 cm with single seedling hill-1 with recommended dose of fertilizers, supplemented with foliar application of KNO3 at 0.5% at 15 and 30 DAS could be recommended for higher productivity and profitability of the crop in summer rice fallows under the system of crop intensification.