1. KAUTIR (Kerala Agricultural University Theses Information and Retrieval)

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    Identification of saline tolerant rice hybrids for pokkali tract
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Vellanikkara, 2019) Nikhil Narayanan; Biju, S
    Various abiotic stresses causing a decline in global rice production are drought, salinity and chillness. Among these, salinity is the major factor that affects crop productivity. The traditional rice varieties grown under Pokkali area show remarkable tolerance to salinity and floods making it unique. However, the yield potential of these varieties is low. In India, out of ninety three rice hybrids developed, a few viz. DRRH 28, KRH 4, PSD 3, etc. were reported to have tolerance to salinity. Considering the potentials of hybrids, identification of salt tolerant hybrids suitable for Pokkali tract of Kerala is an urgent need of the hour. Hence, the study was designed to explore the adaptability of eight rice hybrids to the unique tract of Pokkali and evaluation of traits associated with salinity tolerance. The study comprised of two experiments, the first experiment was Laboratory screening for salinity tolerance and the second experiment was Field evaluation of rice hybrids in Pokkali tract. The laboratory screening was done following a completely randomised design and the genotypes were grown in Yoshida's solution and evaluated for various seedling characters. High shoot length, root length, high root CEC and high root and shoot proline content were seen in Vytilla-6 followed by Ezhome-2. Low root and shoot proline content were observed in IR-29 confirming its susceptibility to salinity. Among the hybrids, a high value for shoot length, root length, total number of roots, root CEC, root proline, shoot proline and survival per cent was observed in the hybrids CORH-3 and KRH-4. Vigour index was high in Sahyadri 4 followed by KRH-4 and low in MRP- 5401. Vytilla-6 and Ezhome-2 showed the high survival per cent while low survival per cent was noticed in Sahyadri 2 and MRP-5401. Vytilla-6 exhibited high chlorophyll content and RWC while low RWC was recorded in MRP-5401, Sahyadri- 2 and Sahyadri-4. Ca in root and shoot along with Na content in shoot were high in IR-29 while Vytilla-6 had low Ca and Na content. High Na in root was seen in Sahyadri 4 followed by Sahyadri 3. High amount of root Cl2 was recorded in Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-4, IR-29 and Sahyadri-2 while, the lowest amount of root and shoot Cl2 was in Vytilla-6. High amount of shoot Cl2 was seen in Ezhome-2 and IR-29. High amount of root and shoot SO4 content was seen in IR-29, Sahyadri-3, Sahyadri-4, Sahyadri-2 and Sahyadri-1. The lowest root and shoot SO4 content was recorded in Ezhome-2, followed by Vytilla-6. Low visual score of 3 was recorded in Vytilla-6 and Ezhome-2; a score of 5 was recorded for CORH-3, MRP-5401, TNAU RH-4 and KRH-4. Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3 and Sahyadri-4 were observed to have scored more than seven. Score 9 was noticed in Sahyadri-1 and IR-29, indicating that these genotypes are more susceptible to salinity. Visual score under salinity was found to be negatively correlated with shoot and root length, number of roots, vigour, proline content and RWC, while it was positively correlated with content of Ca, Na, Cl2, SO4 and K in the plant tissue. Field evaluation of rice hybrids in Pokkali tract was done during Kharif season of 2016-17, following a randomised block design. Days to fifty per cent flowering and maturity showed that all hybrids became early under salinity. Tall plants were observed in Vyttila-6 and Ezhome-2 and short plants in IR-29. High number of productive tillers was observed in CORH-3 and low in Sahyadri-2. Ezhome-2, IR-29 and Vyttila-6 had high number of spikelets per panicle while seed setting percentage and long panicles were observed in Ezhome-2. Spikelet sterility was high in Sahyadri-2 and low Ezhome-2. High 1000 grain weight was observed in Ezhome-2 and low in IR-29. Based on visual scoring Vyttila-6 was classified as highly tolerant and IR-29 as highly susceptible. Correlation studies indicated that grain yield per plant was positively correlated with productive tillers per plant and seed setting per cent, while it was found to be negatively correlated with sterility per cent. Visual scoring was negatively correlated with plant height, uppermost internodal length, days to maturity and seed setting per cent. The hybrid CORH-3 was found to be moderately tolerant based on visual scoring and it produced highest yield per plant indicating that this hybrid is better than saline tolerant traditional varieties.
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    Genetic evaluation of F2 generation for yield and water stress tolerence in upland rice
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2018) Ivy Mary Rajan; Lekha Rani, C
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    Irrigation scheduling and live mulching in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Department of Agronomy, College of Horticulture, Vellayani, 2018) Aparna, R A; Jayakrishnakumar, V
    The experiment entitled ‘Irrigation scheduling and live mulching in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)’ was undertaken at farmer’s field at Peringammala, Kalliyoor, Thiruvananthapuram during Virippu 2017 to standardize irrigation schedule for economizing water use and study the effect of live mulching with cowpea on growth and yield of upland rice. Prathyasa (MO 21) was used as the variety. The experiment was laid out with 14 treatment combinations involving seven irrigation treatments (I1 - irrigation at 3 cm depth at 10 mm CPE, I2 - irrigation at 3 cm depth at 20 mm CPE, I3 - irrigation at 3 cm depth at 30 mm CPE, I4 - irrigation at 2 cm depth at 10 mm CPE, I5 - irrigation at 2 cm depth at 20 mm CPE, I6 - irrigation at 2 cm depth at 30 mm CPE and I7 - rainfed control) and two mulching treatments (M1 - no live mulching, M2 – live mulching with cowpea) with three replications in randomized block design. The results revealed that I1 recorded the highest value for the growth characters viz., plant height at 60 DAS, tiller number m-2 at 60 DAS, LAI at 60 DAS and DMP at harvest. At harvest, the tallest plants were produced by I4. M2 registered the highest dry matter production at harvest. The interaction i1m2 recorded the highest tiller number m- 2 . The yield attributes and yield were significantly influenced by the irrigation treatments. The treatment I1 recorded the highest length of panicle, weight of panicle, number of filled grains panicle-1 and thousand grain weight. M2 produced the highest productive tillers m-2. I1 registered the highest grain yield (2949 kg ha-1), straw yield (3100 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.49). The grain and straw yields were the highest for M2. The grain yield (3057 kg ha-1) was the highest for i1m2 and significantly superior to other treatments. It was noticed that I1 recorded the highest relative leaf water content and I7 registered the highest proline content. The uptake of N, P and K differed significantly. I1 and M2 recorded the highest NPK uptake. The interaction effect i1m2 registered the highest values for N and P uptake. The root characters viz., root volume, root dry weight and root shoot ratio were significantly increased due to irrigation and I1 recorded the highest values. The root length was the highest for I7. Among the mulches, M2 recorded the highest root length and root shoot ratio. The highest consumptive use was recorded by I1, M2 and their interaction i1m2. The highest water use efficiency (3.72 kg ha-1 mm-1) was recorded by I5 and was on par I3 and superior to other treatments. M2 registered the highest WUE (3.51 kg ha-1 mm-1) and superior to M1. The available N, P and K status were the highest for I7. The available soil N and K were the highest for M2. The interaction effect i7m2 registered the highest values for available soil N and K. The highest weed dry weight was recorded by I1, M1 and their interaction i1m1. The highest net income was obtained with I1 and was on par with I2 and I4. The highest BCR was recorded by I2 and was on par with I4 and I1. M2 recorded the highest net income and BCR. The interaction i1m2 recorded the highest net income and was on par with i4m2. The interaction i1m2 registered the highest BCR (1.46) and was on par with i2m1, i2m2, i4m2 and i5m2. The results revealed that frequent irrigation especially at 3 cm depth at 10 mm CPE in combination with live mulching of cowpea favourably influenced most of the growth, yield attributes, yield, physical, chemical properties of the soil and economics of cultivation. Although the highest grain yield was recorded by i1m2, it was found that i1m2 was on par with i4m2 for net income suggesting that irrigation at 2 cm depth at 10 mm CPE with live mulching of cowpea is as good as i1m2. For BCR, i1m2 was on par with i2m1 , i2m2 , i4m2 and i5m2 suggesting that irrigation at 2 cm depth at 20 mm CPE with live mulching of cowpea is as good as i1m2. For higher water use, irrigation at 2 cm depth at 20 mm CPE (I5) and live mulching of cowpea (M2) can be recommended. From farmer’s point of view, irrigation at 2 cm depth at 10 mm CPE with live mulching of cowpea is beneficial for higher economic returns in acute water deficit areas.
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    Physiological evaluation of herbicidal effects on rice, broadleaved weeds and sedges
    (Department of Plant Physiology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Linu, C; Girija, T
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    Interactive effect of UV radiation and elevated temperature on rice growth and physiology
    (Department of Plant Physiology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Amjath, T; Girija, T
    Rice is a staple food for more than half the world’s population. The growth and productivity of the crop is intimately associated with climatic variants. Among different climatic factors, temperature and incidence of UV-B radiation are important. The incidence of stress (Temperature and UV) at different stages of growth determines the productivity of the crop. Hence the present study was undertaken with the prime objective of evaluating the interactive effect of UV-B radiation and elevated temperature at different phenophases of Uma rice variety and its effect on growth and productivity. The study was carried out at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during Jan to May- 2018. The UV-B radiation and atmospheric temperature were maximum during this season. 14 days old Uma seedlings were used as plantingmaterial. It was grown under four different conditions, namely T1(10C lesser than ambient+ low UV-B), T2 (10 C higher than ambient+ low UV-B), T3 (20 C higher than ambient+ low UV-B), T4 (Open condition). The plants were kept in the polyhouses for 30 days during three phenophases of the crop viz, seedling to active tillering (P1), active tillering to early reproductive (P2) and early reproductive to harvest (P2) and returned to ambient condition to complete their life cycle. Morphological, biochemical, physiological and yield parameters were analyzed during the growth period. Exposure of plants to T1 (10 C below ambient) had least negative influence on growth, physiology and yield of the crop across different developmental stages. A 10C increase in temperature above ambient (T2) in phase 1 improved the yield and yield parameter. However the impact was negative under same condition during phase 2 (P2) and phase 3 (P3). Maximum deleterious effects were observed in T3 during phase 2 and 3. Plants grown in open condition had lower plant height and higher number of tillers as compared to plants grown in polyhouse condition (T1, T2 and T3). Number of days to heading was less in plants grown under high temperature conditions (T2 and T3). The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were maximum in T2 condition in all the three phases of growth. Analysis of biochemical parameters showed that the IAA content was 67 percent lesser in plants grown under open condition as compared to ployhouses during P1. Similar decrease was also found in the case of gibberellic acid and chlorophyll. Amylose content of the grain were significantly reduced in the plants grown under T2 and T3 conditions during P2 and P3. Plants exposed to temperature above ambient level (T2 and T3) during P2 and P3 stages recorded a reduction in yield. Maximum yield reduction was observed in T3 condition which was 13 percent in P2 and 56 percent in P3. Reduction in spikelets number and pollen viability were the main reasons. The study indicates that plants were most sensitive to high temperature stress during the P2 and P3 stages, which can contribute to drastic yield decline while, the early stress can have a positive influence on yield.
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    In vitro selection for drought tolerance in black pepper (piper nigrum L.)
    (Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2017) Lakshmi Krishna; Soni, K B
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    Stress induced source-sink modulation in yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt)
    (Department of agronomy, College of agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Anjana Babu, R S; Sheela, K R