PhD Thesis

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Studies on certain chemical constituents of banana leaves in relation to incidence of leaf spot diseases: A note on the fungi occurring on banana
(Division of Plant Pathology ,Agricultural College and Research Institute ,Vellayani, Trivandrum, 1966) Chandrasekharan Nair, M K; Sam Raj, J
Development of juice- based beverage and ripe- fruit powder from banana(musa SPP.)
(Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Evelin Mary, A; Jacob John, P
The study on "Development of juice-based beverage and ripe-fruit powder from banana (Musa spp.)" was carried with the objective of developing a drying and packaging regime for ripe banana powder and to develop a beverage based on clarified banana juice. Technology for spray and drum dried banana powder was standardized through drying and packaging experiments. Good quality spray dried banana powder could be obtained with an inlet air temperature of 150°C, keeping the outlet temperature at 100°C with two per cent maltodextrin and three per cent soluble starch on wet basis as additive. Successful drum drying could be achieved with drum temperature of 152°C with drum speed of three rpm and soluble starch 2.5 per cent on wet basis as additive. Drum drying was found better in terms of higher recovery, lesser additive, better quality and lesser cost of production. Moisture sorption studies revealed that banana powder was highly hygroscopic requiring special packaging, techniques. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that the caramelized fruity fig like aroma of banana powder was due to Furaneol and Ethyl einnamate. Banana powder could be stored for one year under ambient conditions without deterioration when packed in aluminium foil laminated pouches with nitrogen. Banana powder can be used as an ingredient in baby food, health food, instant beverage mix, breakfast cereals, flavourings, bakery and dairy products. The cost of production of 100 grams of spray and drum dried banana powder worked out to be Rs.26.61 and Rs.18.66 respectively. The technology for banana juice based beverage was also standardized. Clear banana juice could be extracted using commercial pectinase enzyme @ 5 mll kg pulp and incubating for four hours at room temperature. Robusta juice was superior in terms of colour, flavour and overall acceptability compared to Poovan, karpooravalli and Palyankodan juices. Blended banana-mango RTS beverage in the ratio of 50:50 was preferred by the taste panel over other fruit blends. The disadvantages in banana juice viz., lack of colour, consistency and acidic taste could be overcome by mixing equal amounts of mango juice. Blending banana juice with mango pulp helped in incorporating the excellent flavour of banana and reduced the cost of production of mango R TS beverage. The cost of production of banana-mango RTS beverage when worked out came to be Rs.3.84 per 200 ml bottle while that of pure mango RTS beverage was RsA.23. The blended RTS beverage could be stored for six months under ambient condition without deterioration. With liberalization in industrial policy and globalization, more opportunities are created for export of value added and nutritious products from banana. India being the largest producer of banana in the world can tap this potential by exporting products' like ripe banana powder and juice based beverages.
Evaluation of selected banana(musa spp.) varieties grown in Kerala for post harvest attributes
(Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Reni, M; Sheela, K B
The present investigation on ‘Evaluation of selected banana (Musa spp) varieties grown in Kerala for postharvest attributes was conducted in the Department of Processing Technology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala. Twenty five accessions of banana belonging to six genomic groups were catalogued as per IPGRI description based on 21 fruit characters. Of the twenty five accessions, maximum value for finger weight, finger length, volume of finger, pulp weight and peel weight was recorded by Zanzibar and lowest by Matti. Other varieties with higher finger weight were Nedunendran, Chengalikodan, Manjeri Nendran, BRS I, Monthan, Batheesa and Kanchikela. Varieties Zanzibar and Chinali recorded highest value for TSS (32.5°brix). Varieties Chengalikodan, Koompillakannan, Nendunendran, Manjeri Nendran, Matti and Njalipoovan also recorded higher values for TSS (TSS >30°brix). Culinary varieties recorded lower TSS. Nendran clones recorded higher values for total and reducing sugars, vitamin C, ß carotene and starch. Physiological loss in weight was highest in Grand Naine and lowest in Batheesa at the end of storage period. Longer shelf life was recorded by the varieties Bodles Altafort, Chengalikodan, Red Banana, Grand Naine, Manjeri Nendran and Poomkalli. On organoleptic evaluation higher scores for sweetness and taste was recorded by Kadali and Koompillakannan. The physical, chemical and physiological changes during ripening were recorded in four stages viz., mature green unripe stage, colour changing, full ripe and over ripe stage in eight varieties. Pulp percentage and pulp/peel ratio showed an increasing trend whereas peel percentage and fruit firmness showed a decreasing trend during the postharvest period. TSS, total, reducing and non reducing sugars and moisture content increased progressively in the various varieties from stage I to stage IV, whereas starch, pectin and tannin content decreased during ripening. Acidity in the various varieties increased up to colour changing stage whereas on full ripening decreased. The activity of starch hydrolysing enzymes -amylase, ß-amylase and invertase increased during the postharvest period in the various varieties. The rate of respiration showed a climacteric peak at full ripe stage and after that it slightly decreased. The effect of different postharvest treatments on enhancing the shelf life varied with different varieties. Precooling with ice flakes and tap water was effective in extending shelf life in Palayankodan fruits. In Njalipoovan and Chengalikodan longer shelf life was obtained for fruits vacuum infiltrated with 1 per cent CaCl2. Maximum shelf life in the case of Robusta was for fruits coated with edible wax at cut ends and precooling with cold water. Precooling treatments in general improved the TSS and total sugars in Palayankodan, Njalipoovan, Robusta and Chengalikodan. Higher scores for sensory qualities were obtained for precooled fruits in Palayankodan, Robusta and Chengalikodan and for fruits vacuum infiltrated with 1 per cent CaCl2 in Njalipoovan. Effect of different packaging treatments varied significantly in the various varieties. In Palayankodan, Njalipoovan and Chengalikodan minimum physiological loss in weight and maximum shelf life was observed for vacuum packed fruits. Maximum yellow life was observed in fruits packed in corrugated fibre board boxes and CFB box + polyethylene lining + ethylene absorbent. Higher values for TSS, total sugars and higher scores for taste, flavour and overall acceptability was for fruits packed in CFB boxes.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of banana
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2003) Rajamanickam, C; Rajmohan, K
Purification and immunodetection of banana bract mosaic virus
(Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Dhanya, M K; Rajagopalan, B
The study entitled “Purification and immunodetection of banana bract mosaic virus” was conducted in College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2000-2003. Survey conducted in Thiruvananthapuram district revealed that banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) is widely prevalent in different taluks of the district. Zero to 100 per cent variation was observed for disease incidence and per cent disease index was significantly different between taluks. The disease was found to increase with progress of time. Studies on varietal reaction revealed that none of the commonly cultivated varieties were resistant to BBrMV. Symptomatological studies showed that the characteristics symptoms of banana bract mosaic disease were longitudinal irregular reddish streaks on pseudostem, chlorosis of leaves, necrotic streaks on petiole and bract, travellers’ palm appearance, severe reduction in bunch size and formation of malformed fingers. Mechanical transmission of BBrMV through different means, graft transmission and soil transmission were unsuccessful. The aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. was identified as efficient vector of BBrMV (40 per cent transmission) with pre-acquisition fasting of one hour and acquisition threshold of 30 minutes. Carbohydrate content was less in BBrMV infected plants compared to healthy at all stages of analysis except at bract stage. The phenol content was more in infected banana plants at six months after planting and flag leaf stage whereas it was higher in healthy plants at three months after planting and at bract stage. Content of OD-phenol, protein, activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonialyase were found to be more in banana bract mosaic virus infected plants. Electrophoretic analysis of BBrMV infected samples through SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of three extra bands (of virus) with molecular weight of 31, 32 and 39 kDa. Electrophoretic analysis of isozymes through native gel revealed the production of peroxidase isozyme in infected plants and the over expression of polyphenol oxidase isozyme in plants infected with BBrMV. Bioassay of endogenous growth regulators showed that the content of auxin, cytokinin and gibberlic acid was less in BBrMV infected fruits compared to healthy. The virus, BBrMV was purified from infected young leaf and the antiserum was developed in New Zealand white rabbit by giving intramuscular injection of partially purified virus. Titre of antiserum was tested using DAC-ELISA and it was determined as 1 : 1024. Electron microscopic studies of infected plant sample revealed that the virus particles were long flexuous rods with an average size of 725 x 12 nm. Detection of BBrMV infected plant parts was done using various immunological techniques like chloroplast agglutination, microprecipitin, Ouchterlony’s agar gel double diffusion test, DAC-ELISA and dot immuno binding assay and all were found to be efficient for the detection of BBrMV. Germplasm collection at Banana Research Station, Kannara were screened for banana bract mosaic disease resistance and found that varieties with ‘A’ genome were found to be more susceptible to the disease compared to those with ‘B’ genome. Screening of varieties at Instructional Farm, Vellayani showed that all of the commonly cultivated varieties were susceptible to BBrMV. For the production of virus free planting material meristem culture technique was attempted using meristems of BBrMV infected suckers. Virus free nature of the developed plants was confirmed through DAC-ELISA and it was found that about 100 per cent plants developed through meristem culture were free of BBrMV. Based on the survey and screening of germplasm collection, it was concluded that strict phytosanitation and use of virus free planting materials, preferably meristem cultured plants will help to manage the disease to a great extent.
Nutrient management for banana musa (AB Group) Njalipoovan in Onattukara soils
(Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2003) Indira, M; Sundaresan Nair, C
Banana cv. Njalipoovan is a popular variety cultivated in homesteads of Kerala. The nutritional requirement of the cultivar has not yet been worked out. Field experiments were conducted at Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam in Alappuzha district during 1998-99 and 1999-00 to formulate an effective nutrient management schedule for the cultivar in Onattukara soil. In addition to this a soil column study was undertaken separately to assess the leaching losses of nutrients in the soil and retention of applied nutrients at different depths. Three levels each of nitrogen at 100, 200 and 300 g plant", phosphorus at 100, 200 and 300 g plant! and potassium at 200, 400 and 600 g planr ! apart from nopoko (control) in each block were tested in confounded 33 factorial, confounding NPK in replication I and NP2K in replication H. Application of nitrogen at 300 g plant"! increased the growth attributes like height of the plant, girth of the pseudo stem, total number of leaves and number of functional leaves. Nitrogen supply at higher rates reduced the total duration of the crop, increased the LAI and leaf emergence rate, dry matter accumulation in leaves, pseudostem, rhizome 2 and bunch. Yield attributes and bunch yield increased significantly upto 300 g N planr l. The quality of the fruit was favoured by the application of higher rates of nitrogen. N supplementation at higher rates was beneficial for the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg and micronutrients such as Mn, Zn and Cu. It also enhanced the available N, P, K, Ca and Mg in soil. Supply of phosphorus at 200 g plant"! increased the above growth attributes at most of the stages. LAI in the early stages of growth was favoured by P supply at high rate. Phosphorus application at 300 g plane I favoured dry matter accumulation in leaves, pseudostem, rhizome and bunch. Yield attributes and yield were high by applying phosphorus at 200 g planr ' Fruit quality was not affected by the application of P. Higher rate of P 20 5 enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients. P nutrition increased the available Nand P content of the soil. Potassium nutrition at higher rates promoted all the above growth characters, leaf area, LAI and dry matter accumulation in different plant parts. Potassium applied at 400 g plant! favoured the yield attributes and yield of crop. Application of K20 at 600 g plane 1 yielded better quality fruits with appreciable total sugars, reducing sugars, sugar-acid ratio, pulp-peel ratio and shelf life. Higher rates of K20 enhanced the uptake of N, P, K and micronutrients like iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Potassium supply at 400 g plant! was beneficial in increasing the calcium and magnesium uptake by different plant parts. Application 3 of K20 at higher rates resulted in appreciable build up of N, P and K in the soil. The combination of N, P20S and K20 applied at 300:300:600 g plant! had appreciably increased the growth characters, yield attributes, and nutrient uptake. It was comparable to that of N, P20S and K20 at 200:200:400 g planr '. The bunch yield obtained by the application of N, P20S and K20 at 300:300:600 g plant! was also comparable with that of 200:200:400 g planr '. However, mineral nutrition of N, P20S and K20 at 200:200:400 g plane! had given the maximum benefit-cost ratio of 1.96. Therefore it can be concluded from the study that application of N, P20S and K20 at 200:200:400 g plant! is beneficial for getting higher yield and maximum economic returns.
Fruit development,postharvest handling and product development studies in red banana(musa AAA group)
(Department of Processing Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2005) Geetha Lekshmi, P R; Philipose Joshua
The present investigation was carried out at the Department of Processing Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2003-2005 with the objective to study the fruit development in Red Banana, development of a grading system, postharvest handling and product development studies of Red Banana. For the fruit development studies, Red Banana plants were selected and tagged at the time of bunch emergence (opening of the first hand) to ensure the selection of fruits with uniform chronological age. At each sampling, fingers from the second hand of five bunches were harvested at 4,6,8,10,12,14 and 15 weeks after bunch emergence and at harvest (16 weeks) and were subjected to various physical and chemical analysis. Consumer preference according to the physical characters of hands and fingers was evaluated and grades for Red Banana hands were suggested. Various prepackaging and packing treatments were used to assess the mechanical damage caused due to transportation. Postharvest storage and ripening studies were conducted using prepackaging treatments and different storage temperatures. In the product development studies, standardization of pectinase enzyme treatment for the clarification of Red Banana juice with different enzyme concentration, incubation temperature and duration was done. Red Banana squash and RTS were prepared from this clarified juice and their storage stability and preference were determined. Bottling of ripe Red Banana fruits was conducted using different concentration of sugar and acidity of canning medium. Fruit development studies revealed that Red Banana reached its full maturity at 16 weeks after the bunch emergence and it can be harvested with optimum maturity at 15 weeks after the bunch emergence. Consumer preference study revealed that medium sized hands are mostly preferred. Grades are suggested for Red Banana hands as grading ensure the quality and thus fetches higher price. For export and long distance market, hands of Grade A and B could be suggested, Grade B and C could be proposed for dessert purpose in local and distant market. Grade D lacked market appeal and could be used for processing into banana products. Transportation studies showed that prepackaging of bananas significantly reduced bruises on the fruits. Prepackaging of Red Banana with vented polyethylene bags with or with out ethylene absorbent and the storage temperature of 16 ºC was found best for the storage. Prepackaging with ethylene absorbent recorded an additive effect in extending the green life of fruits. Enzyme clarification of Red Banana pulp with 0.50 per cent pectinase enzyme at 40 ºC for four hours was found the best for juice yield. Red Banana squash prepared from the clarified juice was stored well for a period of 120 days. Red Banana RTS prepared using 15 per cent juice, 12 ºB TSS and 0.15 per cent acidity recorded the highest organoleptic score among the different RTS formulations. RTS recorded a shelf life of 60 days at ambient temperature. It was observed that Red Banana squash and RTS had a good consumer acceptance. Of the various concentrations tried for canning medium for bottling of the ripe Red Banana fruits showed that the treatment using syrup of 30 ºB and 0.10 per cent acidity was better and products stored well for a period of 45 days
Crop intensification and resource management in banana based cropping system
(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Vandana Venugopal; Sheela, K R
The influence of crop intensification in banana by modifying the planting pattern and intercropping on productivity enhancement and developing an optimum fertilizer schedule for double sucker planting were evaluated by conducting two field investigations at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2002-2003 and 2003-2004. The first investigation was laid in factorial randomised block design with two systems of planting and four intercrops, replicated thrice. Perusal of the results showed an increase in the number of functional leaves, total functional leaf area and leaf area index under modified system while maximum pseudostem girth was recorded under normal system of planting towards later stages of observation. Among the yield attributes, number of hands and fingers per bunch recorded the highest values in normal planting system during both the seasons. Individual bunch weight did not register any variation with planting systems. However, maximum yield per hectare was registered in double sucker planting. During both the years sugar : acid ratio was maximum under modified system. Modified system of planting banana produced more dry matter during both the years. N and P uptake was enhanced in modified system and whereas K uptake was more in normal planting pattern during first year. N uptake was the highest with chittaratha and P and K uptake with cucumber-amaranthus under both systems during first year. During second year, N uptake showed maximum value with chittaratha under normal system and with cucumber-amaranthus in modified system. P uptake by chittaratha and K uptake by the pure crop of banana were on par with intercropping with cucumber-amaranthus. Economic analysis revealed that combination of modified planting pattern intercropped with cucumber-amaranthus recorded the highest net profit and BCR. The highest net profit of Rs. 554384 and Rs. 615030 were realized ha-1 during first and second year respectively in this treatment. The second investigation was conducted with three levels of nutrients and three sources of organic manure laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The nutrient levels and organic sources had no influence on pseudostem height, girth and number of functional leaves during both the years. However total functional leaf area and leaf area index showed a linear negative trend with increasing dose of fertilizers during first year. During second year, total functional leaf area and leaf area index registered maximum values at 133 per cent of recommended dose with farmyard manure at shooting and at harvest. During first year yield and yield attributes were unaffected by treatments, whereas during second year bunch characters like number of hands and fingers per bunch and bunch weight were maximum when farmyard manure/pseudostem along with 133 per cent of recommended dose and when vermicompost along with recommended dose of nutrients were applied. Among the quality attributes higher values of TSS was observed with fresh banana pseudostem and total sugar with farmyard manure during first year. TSS, ascorbic acid and SAR recorded higher values at recommended dose and 133 per cent of recommended dose during second year. Application of farmyard manure along with 133 or 167 per cent of recommended dose of nutrients enhanced dry matter production of banana in second year. Compared to leaf nutrient content, accumulation of nutrients in fruit, pseudostem and rhizome were found to be high during both the years. Foliar nitrogen was maximum at 133 per cent of recommended dose in early stages and at 166 per cent of recommended dose at later stages. Foliar potassium at 6 MAP registered marked value at recommended dose during first year. Phosphorus recorded higher values with RDN among nutrient levels and FYM among organic sources during second year. First crop of banana registered highest B : C ratio with recommended dose of nutrients and fresh banana pseudostem incorporation. Highest net profit of Rs. 461536 ha-1 and BCR of 4.64 was realized when farmyard manure was applied along with 133 per cent of recommended dose of nutrition. Therefore it can be concluded from the study that planting banana at 3 m x 2 m spacing with two suckers pit-1and raising cucumber-amaranthus as intercrop is beneficial for getting higher yield per unit area and maximum economic returns. The study also reveal that 133 per cent of recommended dose of nutrients (400 : 153 : 600 g NPK pit-1) is required when farmyard manure @ 15 kg pit-1 or banana pseudostem @ 20 kg pit-1 is used as organic source. When vermicompost is used @ 5 kg pit-1 the recommended nutrient dose (300 : 115 : 450 g NPK pit-1) is sufficient. Moreover this nutrient schedule is economically viable and helpful in maintaining soil fertility.
Bioecology and integrated management of banana pseudostem weevil odoiporus longicollis oliv
(Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2000) Anitha, N; Madhavan Nair, G
Carbofuran residues in banana
(Department Of Soil Science And Agricultural Chemistry,College Of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Vijayan, A P; Chinnamma, N P

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