PhD Thesis

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    Value chain analysis of black pepper in Kerala
    (Department of Rural Marketing Management, College of co-operation Banking and Management, Vellanikkara, 2020) Hena, M; Ushadevi, K N
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    Characterization and identification of black pepper accessions (Piper nigrum L.) for stress tolerance and quality
    (Department of plant breeding, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Prakash, K M; Jiji Joseph
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    Investigations on yellowing of black pepper (piper nigrum L.)
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Maddirala Surendra; Sujatha, V S
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    Nursery diseases of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Kerala with special reference to the management of Phytophthora capsici Leonian, emend. Alizadeh and Tsao
    (Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2003) Mammootty, K P; Koshy Abraham
    Nursery diseases are the major limiting factor in the production of quality planting materials of black pepper. Investigations were carried out to study the various diseases occurring in black pepper nurseries of northern districts of Kerala, the effect of nursery practices on the incidence of diseases and to evolve an integrated management strategy against Phytophthora rot in black pepper nursery. Four nursery diseases viz., Phytophthora rot, Colletotrichum rot, Rhizoctonia rot and Sclerotium rot were recorded from different nurseries surveyed. The pathogens causing the diseases were isolated and identified as Phytophthora capsici Leonian emend A. Alizadeh and P.H.Tsao, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. Sacc., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Symptomatology of these diseases were studied. The pathogen P. capsid produced symptoms on all parts of the plant, while C. gloeosporioides infected mainly on leaves. R. solani and S. rolfsii infected both leaves and collar regions. The infected plants produced typical symptoms depending upon the pathogen and plant parts affected. Incidence of nursery diseases varied with locations and nursery seasons. Among the nursery diseases noticed during the survey, Phytophthora rot was the most predominant one. Incidence of other three diseases was comparatively less than that of Phytophthora rot. Various nursery practices followed for raising pepper nursenes viz., nursery structures, potting mixture, place of collection of planting materials, variety / cultivar planted, processing of runner vines, treatment of potting mixture, time of planting, frequency of irrigation and application of fungicides had an effect on the incidence of nursery diseases especially Phytophthora rot. However, cuttings raised under high density polyethylene sheet did not show any incidence of diseases. Screening for host resistance indicated tolerant and moderately susceptible reactions of Kalluvally-II and Panniyur-5 respectively against nursery diseases. The biochemical parameters of these genotypes, which impart this type of reactions, were studied in comparison with susceptible Panniyur-l. Total phenols, OD phenol and total free amino acid contents and peroxidase, catalase and esterase activities were more in tolerant Kalluvally-II, while total carbohydrates, starch and acid phosphatase activity were maximum in susceptible Panniyur-l. Reducing sugar content was high in moderately susceptible Panniyur-5. Quantitative estimation of rhizosphere microflora from different pepper nurseries yielded bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. Fungal antagonists exerted more antagonistic activity against P. capsid both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Among these two isolates F 14 and F 48 were selected based on their better antagonistic efficiency against P. capsid and they were identified as Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F. Gray aggr. The established antagonists T. harzianum and T. viride also exerted good antagonistic efficiency against P. capsid. The native and established antagonists were compatible with Akomin-40 and Ridomil MZ, while Bordeaux mixture and Fytolan were not compatible with any ofthe four fungal antagonists. Better growth and minimum disease incidence in pepper cuttings were recorded when nurseries were raised during February-March. Pepper cuttings raised in solarized potting mixture for 30 days showed more sprouting, better plant growth and less incidence of disease. Integrated management of Phytophthora rot in black pepper nursery was carried out using tolerant Kalluvally-II, moderately susceptible Panniyur-5 and susceptible Panniyur-l. In all the three black pepper genotypes, all the treatments had a significant effect in reducing the incidence of Phytophthora rot when compared with control. The minimum disease incidence in Panniyur-l and Panniyur-5 was recorded in cuttings in treatment T14 (Solarization of potting mixture for 30 days + T. viride + Akomin-40), while in Kalluvally-II it was T20 (Solarization of potting mixture for 30 days + T. harzianum - F14 + Akomin-40). In general, solarization of potting mixture, application of Trichoderma spp. and fungicides like Akomin 40 and / or Ridomil MZ can be used for managing the incidence of Phytophthora rot in black pepper nursery
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    Physio morphological and biochemical responses of black pepper(Piper nigrum L.) to irrigation,pruning and hormone application for flushing,fowering and berry set
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2003) Thanuja, T V; Rajendran, P C
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    Management of foot rot of black pepper (piper nigrum L.) with va mycorrhiza and antagonists
    (Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1998) Christin Robert, P; Sivaprasad, P
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    Characterisation of field established tissue culture derived black pepper (piper nigrum L.) plants using morphological, cytological and molecular markets
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2001) Sujatha, R; Mallika, V K
    Universally acclaimed as the ' King of Spices', black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) enjoys a unique position as a commercial crop of historical importance and assumes great economic importance to several nations of the world. Efforts to evolve high yielding types of black pepper through selection as well as hybridisation started as early as in 1953 (Nambiar et al., 1978) and by now, about ten improved varieties were evolved and released. In order to meet the insatiable demand from farmers for the planting materials of high yielding pepper varieties, mass multiplication protocol through micro-propagation has been standardised (Joseph et al., 1996). Babu (2000) tested the fidelity of TC plantlets of black pepper during the hardening stage using RAPD assay. A thorough evaluation and characterisation of these 'I'C plants in relation to their performance in the field is a prerequisite to establish their heritage and usefulness. In this background, the present study was taken up with the main objectives of establishing the genetic identity of TC derived black pepper plants in field; testing the intra-group, inter-clonal and inter- varietal polymorphism and obtaining a thorough and fool proof finger print of the TC plants using a combination of molecular marker techniques and conventional markers. Each of the experimental vines was characterised using morphological traits (biometric as well as qualitative) based on the descriptor formulated by NBPGR. The cytological studies ruled out any variation caused by a change in the chromosome number, which is possible in in vitro cultured plants. The somatic chromosome number was found uniform in all the vines with 2n = 52, which is characteristic of the species. The molecular markers provided a more specific identity for each of the experimental vines. The , zymogram based on peroxidase as well as RAPD banding pattern has given a very clear fingerprint characteristic of each vine. The biometric observations and visual assessment of the vines based on qualitative traits brought out the intra group (within conventional clones or within TC clones), inter- clonal (CC vs. TC clones) and inter varietal variation of the different characters. Among the 22 biometric observations, 17 were found homogenous within clonal groups and also within the TC groups irrespective of varieties. The remaining five traits were discussed with respect to each variety. Most of the qualitative observations also showed uniformity in. the clones as well as TC plants. The estimation of inter-clonal variablity proved the uniformity and better vigour of TC plants compared to the conventional clones. Another interesting observation was the great variablity in qualitative and quantitative traits between TC Subhakara and clonal Subhakara indicating a possible error in labelling. The molecular markers brought out the variablity in the different vines more specifically. In both isozyme and RAPD analysis, the clones under each variety were found to be monomorphic whereas certain variants could be detected within TC plants with respect to a few bands. The vines TC P2-7 and TC P1-1 were separated out as variants by both isozyme and RAPD markers. Other TC vines, which showed polymorphism with respect to either of these markers were Pl-I, PI-2, P2-10, P4-9, Su-9, Su-lO, P4-4 and P4-8. The assessment of inter clonal variability using molecular markers clearly pointed out the distinctly different traits of TC clones and conventional clones Subhakara. Morphological observations too supported this finding. Using RAPD, it was conclusively proved that the vines labelled as TC Su were in fact TC P 4. This confirmed the possibility of an error in labelling while the TC plantlets were transported from Vellanikkara to Panniyur. The inter-varietal polymorphism brought out by morphology and molecular markers was useful in discriminating the four black pepper varieties and to asses the genetic distance between them, which is an important criterion in the selection of parents for hybridisation. The results exposed the genetic proximity between PI and P2 and between P 4 and Suo The standardisations of various protocols for cytological and molecular marker analysis in black pepper as well as the relative efficiency of the different marker systems were also discussed. The RAPD technique was found most effective in assessing the genetic constitution of the individual vine.
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    Somaclonal variation in black pepper (piper nigrum L)
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Shylaja, M R; Sreekandan Nair, G
    Investigations on the exploitation of somaclonal variation for screening for resistance to Phytophthora foot rot disease in black pepper were carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during September 1991 to January 1995. Calliclones of different black pepper cultivars viz. Kalluvally, Cheriakanyakkadan, Balankotta, Karimunda and Panniyur – 1 were produced with and without applying in vitro selection pressure using toxic metabolite(s) of Phytophthora capsici. In vitro induction of mutation using gamma irradiation and partial purification of the toxic metabolite(s) present in the culture filtrate of P. capsici were also attempted in the present study. Leaf puncture bioassay of the concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) of P. capsici showed that toxic metabolite(s) were accumulated in the culture filtrate. The symptoms produced by CCF were quite typical of natural and artificial infection by P. capsici. Concentrated culture filtrate induced quick electrolyte leakage from leaves and calluses. Concentrated culture filtrate induced necrosis on susceptible calli. The cultivars showed significant variation in callus necrosis. Prolonged duration of selection/screening with CCF totally inhibited the regeneration potential of the calli. Concentrated culture filtrate was not found to inhibit shoot proliferation and shoot growth in already regenerated cultures but inhibited the root growth. In the three direct selection/screening methods tried for calli viz. growing in CCF incorporated MS medium (Method 1) shaking in CCF incorporated liquid MS medium (Method 2) and double layer culture technique (Method 3), cultivars showed significant differences in callus necrosis and callus growth. Direct screening of calli was not found to inhibit the regeneration of shoots, shoot proliferation and recovery of rootable shoots but affected the root growth adversely. Gamma irradiation of calli using 60Co source did not give any better response to in vitro screening. The toxic metabolite(s) present in the culture filtrate could not be separated by organic solvent fractionation. However ion exchangers like Dowex 1 and Dowex 50 could be used for separation of the toxic fraction from the filtrate. The response of five different cultivars at various stages of development of cultures when compared, it was found that the cultivars differed significantly in callusing, callus growth, regeneration of shoots, recovery of rootable shoots and root growth. The clones regenerated from screened and unscreened calli were further tested for resistance/ tolerance to P. capsici using different methods of screening viz.natural screening (keeping in infected field), screening by electrolyte leakage method and screening by artificial inoculation of culture disc of P. capsici. None of the regenerated calliclones were found to be resistant to the disease in natural screening. When the tolerance level of the regenerated calliclones was looked into, the performance of the unscreened calli derived clones was found better as compared to the screened calli derived ones. The calliclones of different cultivars differed significantly inthetolerance/susceptibility reaction to the disease. The calliclones of Cheriakanyakkadan recorded greater degree of tolerance to the disease when compared to others. Among the cultivars studied, Kalluvally exhibited high rate of somaclonal variation.
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    Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation in black pepper (Piper rigrum L.)
    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Homey Cheriyan; Vijayakumar, N K
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    Physiological and biochemical aspects of flowering, berry set and developement in Black Pepper
    (Department of Plantation Crops and Spices, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2000) Satheesan, K N; Nybe, E V