PhD Thesis
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Item Homeostatic analysis of components of genetic variance and inheritance of fruit colour, fruit shape and bitterness in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1989) Abdul Vahab, M; Gopalakrishnan, P KItem Development of F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for protected cultivation(Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2015) Lekshmi, S L; Celine, V AThe present investigation entitled “Development of F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for protected cultivation” was conducted at the Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, from 2013 to 2015 with the objectives of identifying superior varieties and developing F1 hybrids of indeterminate tomato suited for protected cultivation. The study consisted of two experiments conducted in the naturally ventilated polyhouse of size 50 m x 20 m located at the Instructional Farm, Vellayani. In the first part of the first experiment, 40 tomato genotypes were evaluated for two consecutive years in an RBD with three replications. As the second part, 12 commercial hybrids were evaluated. The second experiment consisted of a 9 x 9 half diallel analysis laid out in an RBD with three replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences between the genotypes for all the characters for two crops. Pooled analysis revealed that, LE 1 recorded the highest yield (2443.43 g) and fruit weight (108.13 g) followed by LE 7. LE 53 had maximum number of fruits per plant (65.00). In the present study, genotypes had wide variation for quality parameters. Fruits of LE 14 recorded highest TSS with a mean of 5.74 ºBrix. LE 7 had maximum ascorbic acid (30.13 mg/100g) and lycopene content (13.09 mg/100g). Beta carotene value was maximum in LE 16 (184.15 mg/100g). There was minimum incidence of pests, diseases and physiological disorders under protected conditions. Among the 12 hybrids evaluated, INDAM 9802 was the highest yielder (1444.40 g) followed by F1 T 30 (1412.22 g). F1 T 30 recorded maximum fruits per plant (35.66) which was on par with F1 Queen (35.55). Genetic parameters like phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were studied to assess the genetic variability among the genotypes. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for characters like truss per plant, fruits per truss, fruit weight, fruits per plant, yield per plant and yield per plot. Path analysis revealed highest positive direct effect for fruit weight (0.3956), truss per plant (0.3558) and fruits per plant (0.3381). Based on D2 analysis the 40 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Cluster I was the largest with twenty four genotypes followed by cluster II with ten genotypes. Diallel analysis was carried out using nine parents selected based on genetic divergence and per se performance. The parents were crossed in a diallel fashion excluding reciprocals to obtain 36 F1 hybrids. The study revealed that P5 x P9 had the highest yield (3114.03 g) which was on par with P6 x P8 (3074.37 g) and P1 x P5 (3077.58 g). P1 x P5 had the maximum fruits per plant (103.93). The magnitude of relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis varied considerably. For yield, relative heterosis ranged from -32.40 to 92.72, heterobeltiosis from -47.14 to 89.54 and standard heterosis from 2.91 to 160.95. The σ2gca and σ2sca ratio indicated that non-additive gene action was predominant for all traits. Among the nine parents, P9 (LE 1), P5 (LE 20) P1 (LE 2), and P2 (LE 7) were superior for yield and yield attributes. The estimates of sca effects indicated that P5 x P9 (LE 20 x LE 1), P6 x P8 (LE 39 x LE 38) and P1 x P5 (LE 2 x LE 20) were the most promising hybrids for protected cultivation. The present study revealed that the genotypes LE 1 and LE 7 and the hybrids INDAM 9802 and F1 T 30 were superior for yield and yield attributes under protection. Based on the mean performance, standard heterosis and sca effects the three potential crosses viz., P5 x P9, P6 x P8 and P1 x P5 could be adjudged as suitable indeterminate tomato hybrids for protected cultivation.Item Incorporation of resistance to fruit cracking in a bacterial wilt resistant genetic background in tomato(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1995) Sadhan Kumar, P G; Rajan, SAn investigation on “Incorporation of resistance to fruit cracking in a bacterial wilt resistant genetic background in tomato” was undertaken in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from January, 1991 to March, 1994. The findings are succinctly mentioned below. Evaluation for bacterial wilt resistance revealed that Sakthi and LE 79 – 5 are consistently resistant to bacterial wilt. Four addition sources of bacterial wilt resistance were identified viz., LE 214, CAV – 5, LE 415 and LE 382 – 1. Resistances to bacterial wilt in these lines was governed by recessive genes. Screening for resistances to fruit cracking resulted in the identification of fifteen tomato genotypes which were found to be resistant to both radial and concentric cracking. Resistances to concentric fruit cracking in these lines were found to be dominant. All the bacterial wilt resistant genotypes had a higher content of total phenols, O.D. phenol and ascorbic acid than the susceptible line pusa Ruby. The crack resistant varieties had a higher content of insoluble solids and pectin, lower content of acidity, total sugar and reducing sugar in fruits, thick fruit skin and pericarb as compared to susceptible variety. The elasticity of skin was also higher in crack resistant genotypes. Crack resistant varieties had a compact arrangement of parenchymatous cells when compared with crack susceptible variety. The resistant lines had a thicker cuticle also. The F1 S developed by line x tester crossing were susceptible to bacterial wilt. All the same, they were resistant to both radial and concentric fruit cracking indicating dominant gene action for crack resistance. The F2 segregants with combined resistance to both bacterial wilt and fruit cracking were selected for further improvement.Item Characterization of vegetable cowpea(Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2006) Manju, P R; Rajamony, LThe research project “Characterization of vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)” was conducted at the Department of Olericulture and Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 2002 to 2005. The objective of the study was to genetically catalogue the accessions based on IPGRI descriptor for cowpea, to estimate the genetic parameters for different traits in the germplasm as well as to characterize them based on morphological, anatomical, biochemical and molecular parameters. Sixty six accessions of vegetable cowpea collected from various sources upon cataloguing pointed out wide variation for several morphological characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the accessions for all the characters studied coming under growth, flowering, pod, yield and quality. Among the accessions evaluated, VS 8 (CHCP-1) had the highest yield (1136.89 g) and pods per plant (102.59), while VS 19 (Aryanad, Thiruvananthapuram) and VS 4 (Kanjikuzhi Payar) were noted for their high pod length, pod weight, pod girth, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and vine length. Root : shoot ratio had the highest phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, followed by pod weight and yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for yield per plant, pods per plant, pod length and pod weight. Correlation studies revealed that characters like vine length, collar girth, pod length, pod girth, pod weight, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed length, seed width, number of harvests, keeping quality and pod protein observed high positive correlation with yield, whereas root : shoot ratio and peduncle length were negatively correlated with yield. Path coefficient analysis indicated that pods per plant exerted the highest positive direct effect on yield, while seed length, pod weight and vine length had high indirect effects on pod yield. In discriminant function analysis, the accession VS 27 (Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram) ranked first, followed by VS 8 (CHCP-1) and VS 19 (Aryanad, Thiruvananthapuram). Based on Mahalanobi’s D2 statistic, the 66 accessions were grouped into ten clusters. Cluster I was the largest containing 18 accessions, while cluster X was the smallest with two accessions. Cluster X performed better most of the biometric characters, with the highest intercluster distance observed between clusters VI and X. On screening the accessions for legume pod borer resistance, VS 19 (Aryanad, Thiruvananthapuram) was found to be the most tolerant, while VS 42 (Pilicode, Kasargode) was the most susceptible. Pod trichome density as well as phenol content were negatively correlated with plant susceptibility index. On the basis of the present study, VS 27, VS 8 and VS 19 were found to be promising based on their superiority in yield, quality and tolerance to legume pod borer and hence they may be utilized for further crop improvement programmes. The organoleptic quality and overall acceptability of all the accessions was also assessed based on appearance / colour, doneness, taste, flavour and texture. The overall acceptability ranged from 2.00 to 3.60 and 2.40 to 3.60 in vegetable and dual purpose / grain types respectively. Characterization of vegetable cowpea based on seed protein banding pattern as well as RAPD revealed the presence of wide variability among the accessions. Similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.20 to 0.97. At 66 per cent similarity, the selected 50 accessions were grouped into eleven clusters. It may be concluded that molecular characterization may be used as a tool for DNA fingerprinting as well as parental selection for further crop improvement in vegetable cowpea. The study also highlighted the probable development of yard long beans from grain type cowpeas with the dual purpose and bush types as intermediate forms.Item Factor analysis of bitterness in cucumis melo var.conomon Mak(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Annie Mathew; Salikutty JosephThe research project entitled ‘Factor analysis of bitterness in Cucumis melo var. conomon Mak. was carried out in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, during the period 2000-2003. The objective of the study was to characterize bitterness and its’ persistence under varying genetic, physiologic and management contexts. The material selected was Mudicode, which is a well accepted non bitter variety. Homozygous bitter and non bitter lines obtained by continuous selfing for four generations was utilised for the study. The bitter and non bitter parental lines were crossed and F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 populations were generated. The 2 test for F2 and backcross generations with the ratio 13:3 (bitter:non bitter) showed the presence of inhibitory gene action for bitterness suggesting the possibility of introduction of inhibitory gene from wild bitter forms to the cultivated non bitter types. This is supported by the studies of the cross between oriental pickling melon and Cucumis melo var. callosus. The F1 of this cross produced small bitter fruits with characteristics similar to the bitter parent and the segregation pattern in F2 generation revealed the presence of inhibitory gene action in the ratio 13:3. To find the metaxenic effect of bitterness, several bitter wild and four cultivated cucurbitaceous species including the bitter type of Mudicode Local were used as pollen source on non bitter oriental pickling melon. The resultant fruits of these crosses were non bitter, thus ruling out the possibility of metaxenia. The study on effect of different sources of nutrients on bitterness revealed that the application of chemical fertilizers or organic manures viz., farmyard manure, neem cake, groundnut cake, poultry manure and goat manure will not modify bitterness in fruits of oriental pickling melon. Application of lime or furadan also did not change expression of bitterness. The change in physiological condition of the plant by pruning operations also did not alter the innate nature of bitterness. Similarly, the age of the plant did not show any relation with the existence of bitterness in oriental pickling melon. Comparison of morphological characters of bitter and non bitter plants showed that seeds from bitter fruits were smaller having more initial seedling vigour. Also, the fruits borne on bitter plants were more in number with smaller size, indicating the closeness of bitter plants to wild relatives. It was observed that the seeds are always non bitter irrespective of its origin from bitter and non bitter plants. But the cotyledon, hypocotyls and radicle of seedlings will remain bitter. Hence organoleptic evaluation of a part of the cotyledon, which will not hinder further development of the plant can be used as a method for identification of bitterness at an early stage. Results of biochemical analysis revealed that the content of cucurbitacin, phenol, aminoacid and polyphenol oxidase activity was higher in bitter fruits compared to non bitter fruits. The bitter principle was the highest at placental region followed by flesh and rind. In general, stalk end of the fruit was more bitter than blossom end of the fruit. The results also revealed that bitterness decreased with fruit maturity. This was substantiated using thin layer chromatography. Electrophoretic studies of seed protein showed no difference in banding pattern for bitter and non bitter seeds, indicating the closeness of the two types.Item Incorporation of tomato leaf curl virus (Tolcv) resistance in bacterial wilt resistant tomato.(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Koteswararao, Yadav; Sadhankumar, P GInvestigations on “Incorporation of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) resistance in bacterial wilt resistant tomato” were undertaken in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from January, 2009 to May, 2011. Eighty tomato genotypes collected from India and abroad were screened for ToLCV resistance of which 26 were found to be highly resistant under natural screening. Of these, 20 genotypes (LE-474, LE-635, LE-640, LE-658, LE-666, LE-667, Arka Ananya, IIHR-2195, IIHR-2196, IIHR-2197, IIHR-2198, IIHR-2202, IIHR-2747, TLBRH-1, TLBRH-6, Cherry Tomato, H-24, H-86, Hawaii-7998 and Rani) were highly resistant to ToLCV under both graft transmission and whitefly transmission there by confirming their resistance to ToLCV. Seventy six tomato genotypes were screened for bacterial wilt resistance in bacterial wilt sick plot. Spot planting with known suscept Pusa Ruby was done to confirm the presence of virulent bacteria in the field. Anagha, Sakthi, Mukthi, LE-1-2, LE-626 and LE-474 were resistant to bacterial wilt. Three additional sources of resistance were identified viz., LE-628, LE-640 and LE-649. Five bacterial wilt resistant genotypes (Anagha, Sakthi, Mukthi, LE-1-2 and LE-626) were crossed with seven ToLCV resistant genotypes (IIHR-2195, IIHR-2196, H-24, H-86, Hawaii-7998, LE-474 and LE-640) in a line x tester fashion. Thirty five F1 hybrids developed were screened for both ToLCV and bacterial wilt resistance. Thirty hybrids were highly resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) among the 35 hybrids. Sixteen F1 hybrids were resistant to bacterial wilt. There were 15 F1 hybrids which were resistant to both ToLCV and bacterial wilt. Line x tester analysis was performed to derive information on general combining ability and specific combining ability effects, gene action and heterosis. Good general combiners for different characters were identified. Among the F1 hybrids Anagha x LE-640 was the earliest to flower and earliest to harvest. Sakthi x LE-640 (1.4 kg/plant) gave the maximum yield among the hybrids and parents followed by Mukthi x H-86 (1.1 kg/plant) and LE-1-2 x Hawaii-7998 (1.06 kg/plant). Maximum number of fruits were produced by LE-1-2 x Hawaii-7998 (39.67 fruits/plant). The maximum sized fruits were produced by Anagha x IIHR-2195 (55.93 g) followed by Sakthi x LE-640 (55.78 g) and Sakthi x IIHR-2196 (55.09 g). F2 segregants of 35 crosses were screened for combined resistance to bacterial wilt and ToLCV. Thirty F2 segregants were resistant to both bacterial wilt and ToLCV. Mukthi x IIHR-2195-F2-47 (1.7 kg/plant) and Mukthi x IIHR-2195- F2-34 (1.5 kg/plant) were the highest yielders among the 30 segregants. Segregation pattern in F1, F2, B1 and B2 of the cross combination Pusa Ruby x IIHR-2195 revealed that the resistance to ToLCV in IIHR-2195 is controlled by a single dominant gene.Item Genetic cataloguing of hot chilli (Capsicum chinese Jacq.)(Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2001) Manju, P R; Sreelatha Kumary, IThe research project "Genetic cataloguing of hot chilli (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)" was carried out in the vegetable research plot of the Department of Olericulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during September 2000 to May 2001. The objective of the study was to catalogue the accessions based on the IBPGR descriptor for Capsicum and to estimate the genetic parameters for different traits in the germplasm for identifying superior lines based on yield, quality and pest and disease resistance. Thirty two accessions of C. ch inense collected from various sources upon cataloguing pointed out wide variation for several morphological characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the accessrons for all the characters studied namely, plant height, primary branches per plant, plant spread, days to first flowering, pollen viability, days to maturity, fruits per plant, fruit length, pedicel length, fruit girth, fruit weight, seeds per fruit, 1000-seed weight, yield per plant, yield per harvest, number of harvests, capsaicin, oleoresin, ascorbic acid and mosaic incidence. Among the accessions, CC 23 recorded the maximum yield (1649.72 g) as well as fruits per plant (637.44). CC 13 was the earliest to flower (54.67 days) with the maximum number of harvests (6.94) and least vulnerability index for mosaic (40.63). Fruits per plant recorded the maximum phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, followed by yield per plant and fruit weight. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for fruits per plant, yield per plant, fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length. Correlation studies and path coefficient analysis revealed that fruits per plant is the primary yield component as evidenced from its high positive correlation as well as high direct and indirect effects on yield. In the discriminant function analysis, CC 23 (Nemom, Thiruvananthapuram) ranked first, followed by CC 13 (Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram) and CC 7 (Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram). Based on the analysis for genetic divergence, the 32 accessions were grouped into six clusters, with the maximum intercluster distance observed between clusters I and VI. On the basis of the present study, the accessions CC 23, CC 13 and CC 7 were found to be promising with regard to yield, quality and mosaic resistance and the same may be utilized for further improvement.Item Bacterial wilt resistance and yield in brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.)(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1996) Singh, P K; Gopalakrishnan, T RInvestigations on “Bacterial wilt resistance and yield in brinjal (Solanummelongena L.)” was undertaken in the Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1993 – ’96. Preliminary evaluation of seventy eight brinjal accessions during Kharif 1994 revealed considerable variation for most of the economic characters. Twenty four accessions/varieties selected based on productivity, resistance to bacterial wilt, crop duration, fruit and plant characters from the preliminary evaluation were subjected to detailed evaluation during March – November, 1995. In the long duration accessions, the non – prickly SM 141 has yielded as high as 6.4 kg/plant with maximum number of fruits (113.5) having maximum weight (128.27 g). Among short duration accessions maximum yield was recorded in white fruited Swetha (3.9 kg/plant). The study revealed the necessity for differential spacing depending on the duration and spread of the plant. In addition to the already available bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) resistant varieties viz., Surya, Swetha, ArkaKeshav, ArkaNidhi, BB 44 some more varieties/accessions viz., Annapurna, Composite 2, TGR, SM 71, SM 116 and SM 141 were found resistant under artificial inoculation. The contents of total phenol and O.D. Phenol was higher in the resistant varieties than the susceptible ones. The anatomical studies revealed well developed secondary xylem with small compact cortical cells in the resistant variety compared to the susceptible variety. The nine F1 hybrids differing in size, shape and colour of fruits were compared with their parents during summer 1996. Two F1 hybrids viz., the long stout and deep purple fruited ArkaKeshav x SM 71 and oval and deep purple fruited Surya x SM 116 had surpassed the standard parent by 337.62 per cent and 290.04 per cent respectively in productivity. Both the hybrids having bacterial wilt resistance, desired plant habit and attractive fruit characters can be progressed further. In general the F1 hybrids had more vigour and tolerated infestation of jassids better than the parents. In Kerala the cultivation of brinjal during summer is limited mainly due to heavy incidence of jassids. In the present study varietal variation was observed for resistance to jassids (Amrascabiguttulabiguttula). The long trichomes with high density contributing to a matting effect on the leaf surface may be responsible for the jassid tolerance in varieties like Pusa Kranti and BB 7. These jassid resistant but wilt susceptible varieties yielded 2417.2 per cent and 186.0 per cent respectively more over the intact plants after grafting onto Solanumtorvum. The present study revealed the scope of cultivating jassid resistant varieties viz., Pusa Kranti and BB 7, though highly susceptible to bacterial wilt during the summer months in the state.Item Development of parthenocarpic gynoecious hybrids in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for protected cultivation(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Ajay Bhardwaj; Pradeepkumar, TItem Genome analysis in the genus Amatanthus(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1987) Mallika, V K; Peter, K V