PhD Thesis
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Item Evaluation and utilization of plant pigments as natuaral food colourants(Department of postharvest management,College of Agriculture,Vellanikkara, 2023) NETRAVATI; Saji GomezItem Performance of selected orchids under varying light regimes, culture methods and nutrition(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Sabina George Thekkayam; Mohanakumaran, NThe present study was undertaken to evolve agrotechniques for cut flower orchid production in Kerala. Two experiments were conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani in 1991 and 1992 with two popular cut flower varieties namely Arachnis Maggie Oei ‘Red Ribbon’ and Dendrobium Sonia – 16. The effects of varying light intensities and nutrient regimes under two methods of cultivation were assessed in Arachnis Maggie Oei ‘Red Ribbon’ (Experiment 1) and in Dendrobium Sonia -16, the performance under varying light intensities and nutrient regimes was evaluated (Experiment 2) In Arachnis Maggie Oei ‘Red Ribbon’, trench culture was found to promote growth, flowering and the floral attributes. The number of leaves, aerial roots, leaf area and plant height were greater in the trench grown plants. The number of inflorescences produced, their branching, length and vase life were also enhanced under trench culture. The effect of light intensities on growth was mediated through interactions with culture methods and nutrients. The trench grown plants under 50 and 75 percent light had a greater number of leaves and leaf area. The plants receiving 500 ppm of P and K under 100 percent light had a shorter stature. The direct effect and interactions of nutrients on growth were observed at certain months during the experimental period which was indicative of differences in the requirement at different stages of growth. The dry matter content of the stem and apical shoot was greater in the plants receiving 500 ppm P. Inflorescence production and the vase life of inflorescences was greater under 100 and 75 percent light. Branching of inflorescences was greater under 75 percent light. In Dendrobium Sonia -16 the number of inflorescences produced was greatest under 75 percent light. The length of the inflorescences was greater under 75 percent light and the span area of the flowers was greater under 50 and 75 percent light. Nitrogen at 500 ppm increased the length of the inflorescences, the number of flowers in an inflorescence, and the span area of the flowers. The number of inflorescences produced was also greater in the plants receiving 400 or 500 ppm N, 400 or 500 ppm K and in those receiving 500 ppm P. Interactions between the nutrients and between light intensities and the nutrients were also observed. The nutrient composition of the leaves in both the cultivars were enhanced by the 400 and 500 ppm doses of N and P and 500ppm K. Based on the observed effects, in Arachnis Maggie Oei ‘Red Ribbon’, trench culture of plants under 75 to 100 percent light and a nutrient dosage of 300 ppm N, 400 ppm P and 300 ppm K from planting till nine MAP and thereafter a dosage of 400 to 500 ppm N, 400ppm, P and 500 ppm K can be recommended. In Dendrobium Sonia -16 growing in pots under 75 percent light with 400 to 500 ppm of N, P and K can be recommendedItem Standardisation of in vitro techniques for the rapid clonal propagation of mango (Mangifera indica L.)(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1996) Sulekha, G R; Rajmohan, KStandardization of techniques for the in vitro propagation of mango (Mangifera indica L) varieties was attempted. The studies were carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 1992-96. Attempts for the in vitro propagation via somatic embryogenesis, somatic organogenesis and enhanced release of auxillary buds were made. Six monoembryonic and six polyembryonic mango varieties were subjected to the initial response studies. Neelum (monoembryonic) and Vellari Manga (polyembryonic) varieties were selected for further detailed studies. Explants like nucellus, embryo mass, segments of leaf and inflorescence were used. The effects of culture medium (basal medium, major and minor nutrients, plant growth substances, casein hydrolysate, sucrose, glutamine, coconut water, activated charcoal, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium butyrate, thidiazuron, polyethylene glycol, sodium chloride, silver nitrate, cobalt chloride and agar), culture conditions (light and temperature) and frequency of subculture on the various stages of somatic embryogenesis were studied. Among the various explants tried, somatic embryogenesis could be induced only from nucellus and embryo mass. In Neelum, somatic embryogenesis could be induced in 66.67 percent cultures of nucellus and 75.00 percent cultures of embryo mass. In vellari manga 83.33 percent cultures of nucellus and 66.67 percent cultures of embryo mass responded. Somatic embryogenesis from nucellus of Neelum could be best induced on half strength MS basal medium supplemented with GA3 5.0mg/l, 2,4-D 2.0mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The ideal treatment for inducing somatic embryogenesis from nucellus of Vellari Manga was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 2.0 mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 600.0 mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 6.0g/l. Subculturing in medium of the same composition at an interval of five days increased the percentage induction in Neelum (30.0 percent) and five to ten days in Vellari Manga (40.0 percent). The best treatment identified for the initiation of somatic embryoids from nucellus of Neelum was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 2.0mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, BA 1.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0mg/l, casein hydrolysate 500.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The ideal treatment for the initiation of somaticembryoids from nucellus of Vellari Manga was half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 2, 4-D 0.5mg/l, GA3 5.0mg/l, BA 1.0mg/l, sucrose 60.0g/l, glutamine 400.0 mg/l, case in hydrolysate 600.0 mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, activated charcoal 2.5g/l and agar 5.5g/l. Subculturing at an interval of ten days in Neelum and five to ten days in Vellari Manga was beneficial for the initiation of somatic embryoids. The corresponding percentage of initiation of somatic embryoids was 66.67 in Neelum and 55.56 percent in Vellari Manga. A medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts supplemented with abscisic acid 5.0mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, casein hydrolysate 100.0mg/l, coconut water 200.0ml/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 4.5g/l was the best for supporting the maturation of the somatic embryoids of Neelum. The best medium for the maturation of the somatic embryoids of Vellari Manga contained B5 major salts, MS minor salts, abscisic acid 4.22mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, casein hydrolysate 100.0mg/l coconut water 200.0ml/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.0g/l. The size of embryoids was the highest (1.0-1.5cm long) when subcultured at an interval of ten days for Neelum and fifteen days (0.5-1.5cm long) for Vellari Manga. Incubating the cultures in darkness at 26 ± 20C favoured the induction, initiation and maturation of somatic embryoids of both the varieties. Near-normal germination of the somatic embryoids of Neelum was observed when cultured on a medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts, BA 0.1 mg/l, sucrose 40.0g/l, sodium chloride 0.5g/l, cobalt chloride 10.0 mg/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.5g/l. Near-normal germination of the somatic embryoids of Vellari Manga was observed on a medium containing B5 major salts and MS minor salts, BA 1.0 mg/l, sucrose 50.0g/l, sodium chloride 0.5g/l, cobalt chloride 10.0 mg/l, polyvinyl pyrrolidone 10.0g/l and agar 5.5g/l. A few germinated embryoids were planted out. However, they did not survive. Histological and morphological studies ascertained the status of the somatic embryoids formed. Scanning electron microscope studies depicted the morphological features of the developmental stages of the somatic embryoids. Attempts to standardize in vitro propagation via somatic organogenesis and enhanced release of auxiliary buds were not successful. However, de-diffrentiation could be induced from leaf segment explants of Neelum and Mulgoa.Item Production dynamics of ginger (zingiber officinale R.) under varying levels of shade, nutrients and triazole(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1999) Ajith Kumar, K; Jayachandran, B KThe experiments were conducted at the Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram, during 1996-97 and 1997-98 to study the production dynamics of ginger under varying levels of shade, nutrients and triazole. The specific objectives were to study the production potential of ginger under open and different shade levels, to standardise optimum dose of nutrients and mulch for ginger intercropped in coconut garden and to evaluate the efficacy of triazole in the improvement of yield and other desirable characters. The effect of shade on growth and yield contributing parameters viz., tiller number, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root spread, root volume, rhizome spread, rhizome thickness, number of rhizomes, leaf thickness, stomatal frequency, DMP and LAI under 20 and 40 per cent shade levels exhibited significant superiority in pot culture study. In pot culture study: maximum fresh ginger yield of 450.0 and 396.3 g plant" were resulted from plants kept under 20 and 40 per cent shade levels respectively. This was 27.4 and 12.2 per cent higher compared to open- condition. The dry ginger yield of 94.5 and 89.2 g plant" were obtained from plants kept under 20 and 40 per cent shade levels respectively. This was 27.8 and 20.7 per cent higher compared to open condition. However, the dry ginger yield obtained from 60 and 80 per cent shade levels were significantly lower compared to open. The shade levels 20 and 40 per cent gave the highest shoot dry weight of 48.9 and 53.6 g plant" respectively. Volatile oil content showed an increasing trend with increasing levels of shade in pot culture study. Maximum NVEE was recorded under 20 and 40 per cent shade levels. Highest starch content was obtained from 20 per cent shade level. Crude fibre gradually reduced with increase in shade levels. The field trial on nutrient requirement of ginger as intercrop in coconut garden revealed that, NPK application at higher levels increased plant height, tillering, leaf number, leaf area, DMP and chlorophyll content. Physiological parameters like, NAR, CGR and RGR were promoted by higher rates of nitrogen application. The results revealed that, N: P, N : K and P : K ratios of l.5 : 1, l.5 : 1 and 1 : 1 respectively, were ideal to get maximum fresh ginger yield. Application of 150 kg N, 100 kg P20S and 100 kg K20 ha-l gave maximum net profit ofRs. 96605/- and Rs. 99227/- during first and second year respectively. The net profit when the existing recommendation of 75 kg N, 50 kg P20S and 50 kg K20 ha-l was Rs. 54960/- and Rs. 54730/- during first and second year respectively. Hence the study suggests that the existing recommendation (75 kg N, 50 kg P20S and 50 kg K20 ha") has to be doubled (150 kg N, 100 kg P20S and 100 kg K20 ha-l) for increasing the productivity of ginger intercropped in coconut garden. Increased rate of fertilizer application did not influence the quality of the produce. Plant uptake of NPK increased with higher levels of fertilizer application. The field experiment on mulch requirement of ginger intercropped in coconut garden showed that the rhizome yield from plots mulched with 30.0, 22.5 and 1 =r. 0 t ha' were on par. Therefore the mulch requirement of ginger intercropped in coconut garden can be reduced from 30 t ha-l to 15.0 t ha-I Application of triazole did not exhibit any beneficial effect on yield and quality of ginger.Item Development of parthenocarpic gynoecious hybrids in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for protected cultivation(Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2017) Ajay Bhardwaj; Pradeepkumar, TItem Screening ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes under different growing conditions and for value addition(Department of Plantation Crops and Spices College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2018) Nimisha Mathews; Krishnakumary, KGinger is an important commercial spice crop grown in India for culinary and medicinal purposes. The present study entitled “Screening ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes under different growing conditions and for value addition” was taken up at College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2015-18 to evaluate the performance of ginger genotypes with respect to yield and quality, growth under different growing conditions, quality of different maturity stages and to identify types suitable for different value added products. A total of fourteen somaclones developed through indirect organogenesis and indirect embryogenesis were selected for the study. Genotypes exhibited wide variability in plant characters, yield characters and quality attributes. Plant height was maximum in the somaclone SE 86102 (107.35 cm) at 6 months growth stage. Number of tillers was maximum in CHP118 (20.33) at 6 months stage. Number of leaves per shoot was found higher in CHP 118 (28.67) and in SE 86 26. Leaf area was the highest in CHP 118 at 4 months stage and C8632 at 6 months stage. Among the physiological parameters recorded, photosynthetic and transpiration rates were the highest in CHP 118 and SE 86 42. Number of primary and secondary rhizomes was maximum in SE 8626, CHP 118 and C8632 (>30 t/ha). Weight of primary and secondary rhizomes was highest in SE 8626 and SE 8642. Fresh yield was highest in SE 8626, CHP 118, SE 8642 & C 8632. Driage (23%) and dry yield (7.9t/ha) were the highest in SE 8626. The quality attributes such as volatile oil, oleoresin and crude fiber contents varied significantly among the genotypes. The highest content of volatile oil (3.62%) was recorded in CHP 118. Oleoresin content (>6%) was maximum in Rio-de- Jenairo. Fibre content increased with age of rhizomes recording lowest values (< 2.5%) in SE 86 83, C 86 26 and SE 86 42. Highest content of Gingerol (1.48 %) and Shogoal (0.16%) was recorded in Rio –de- Janeiro and CHP 282 respectively. Among the genotypes evaluated under different growing conditions, variability in plant height was observed. During the growth stages, all the genotypes exhibited higher plant height under rain shelter condition, whereas at 6 months stage plants were taller in open field. Number of tillers and leaves were significantly higher in open condition. Tiller number ranged from 14 to 17 under open field and 6 to 7 in rain shelter. Leaf area was the highest at 5 months growth stage which later decreased. Among the two growing conditions, the highest leaf area was observed in open condition in SE 8640 and SEHP 9. Generally, somaclones grown in open condition recorded higher yield and SEHP 9, SE 8081 and SE 8640 were identified as higher yielders. But in SE 86 40, the yield was on par both in open and rain shelter conditions indicating its suitability for growing under rain shelter condition. Driage did not differ significantly between the two growing conditions. Driage and dry yield were higher in SE 86 81 and SEHP 9. Higher values for photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were recorded in open field. Among the two growing conditions, quality parameters were higher in rainshelter cultivation though not significant. SE 8640 recorded the highest volatile oil content under both growing conditions (open field -4.45 % and rain shelter -4.67 %). All genotypes except SE 8640 recorded an oleoresin content of more than 5 %. Fibre content increased with maturity recording maximum values at 7 months stage. Lower fibre content was recorded under rain shelter condition. Among the somaclones, SE 8681 and SE 86131 recorded lower values for fiber content at 5 months stage. Elite varieties satisfying the requirements for specific end products are the need of the hour to capitalize on the processing front. Biochemical parameters such as moisture content, TSS, titratable acidity, pH and colour were recorded for analyzing the storage stability of the products viz., candy, flakes and powder. The somaclones SE 8683, C 8626 and SE 8642 were found to be the best for candy preparation based on its overall consumer acceptability and storage stability. SE 8683, C 8626 and SE 8642 were found suitable for flakes preparation and SE 8683, C 8626, SE 8642 and C8632 for making quality ginger powder.Item Standardisation of in vitro techniques for mass multiplication of aranthera and dendrobium(Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 1997) Sherly Kuriakose; Ramachandran Nair, SStandardisation of in vitro techniques for mass multiplication of Aranthera and Dendrobium orchid varieties was attempted. The studies were carried out at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, during 1992-96. Attempts for the in vitro propagation via enhanced release of axillary buds, somatic organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis were made. One variety Annie Black of the monopodial orchid Aranthera and five varieties of the sympodial orchid Dendrobium were subjected to the initial response studies Sonia-17 (Dendrobium) and Annie Black (Aranthera) varieties were selected for detailed studies. Explants like shoot apices, leaf segments, root segments, keikis, inflorescence stalk were used. Mercuric chloride 0.1 per cent for ten minutes was identified as an effective surface sterilant. The lowest rate of microbial contamination was observed from January to May. The effect of culture medium (basal medium, mode of culture, strength of MS basal medium, major nutrient element, plant growth substances, casein hydrolysate, peptones, glutamine, sucrose, vitamins, yeast and malt extracts, fruit juices, coconut water, ethylene inhibitors) and culture conditions on in vitro shoot proliferation via enhanced release of axillary buds were studied. Among the various explants tried culture establishment via enhanced release of axillary buds could be induced only from shoot apex explants of all the varieties. Culture establishment could be best induced in Vacin and Went basal medium. Sonia-17 recorded 90.0 per cent bud initiation in VW media supplemented with NAA 1.5 mg/l, BA 1.0 mg/l, Sucrose 30.0 g/l, Coconut water 15.0 ml/l, agar 6.0 g/l within 14 days. Sonia-17 was used for shoot proliferation studies. Maximum shoot proliferation (35.33 shoots per culture) from shoot apex explants of Sonia-17 could be induced in half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA 2.5 mg/l, NAA 1.0 mg/l, Sucrose 30.0 g/l, boiled and filtered coconut water 150.0 m/l and agar 6.0 g/l. Among the Dendrobium varieties only Sonia-17 responded to direct organogenesis. Of the various explants tried only the leaf base (from culture) could initiate direct organogenesis. The best treatment identified was half- strength MS basal medium (solid) supplemented with NAA 1.5 mg/l, BA 1.0 mg/l, sucrose 30.0 g/l, Coconut Water 150.0 ml/l, agar 6.0 g/l activated charcoal 1.0 g/l, under darkness. This treatment recorded 9.17 shoot of 4.92 cm length having 3.50 leaves per shoot. Maximum proliferation .of shoot (3.33 shoots/culture) obtained via direct organogenesis could be achieved in half-strength MS basal medium (solid) supplemented with BA 2.5 mg/l, NAA 1.0 mg/l, sucrose 30.0 g/l, agar 6.0 g/l and coconut water 150.0 ml/l. Direct organogenesis from the leaf base of Arantliera var. Annie Black could be initiated in half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA 3.0 mg/l, NAA 2.0 mg/l, sucrose 30.0 g/l, coconut water 150.0 ml/l, agar 6.0 g/l in the presence of light. Only one shoot per culture could be induced. Half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA 2.5 mg/l, NAA 0.1 mg/l, ascorbic acid + citric acid (150 ppm) supplemented with coconut water 150 ml/l, agar 6.0 g/l and sucrose 30.0 g/l was the treatment identified as best for shoot proliferation in Annie Black. Half-strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA 3.0 mg/l NAA 2.0 mg/l, Sucrose 30.0 g/l, agar 6.0 g/l and coconut water 150 ml/l could induce the development of protocorm-like Bodies (PLB's) on the shoot apex explants of Annie Black in 50.0 per cent of the cultures. Attempts to standardise in vitro propagation via callus-mediated somatic organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis were not successful. In vitro flowering in Sonia-17 was observed when half strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA 2.5 mg/l and sucrose 30.0 g/l, coconut water 150.0 ml/l and agar 6.0 g/l was left unsubcultured for 3-4 months. In vitro regeneration of roots in Sonia-17 could be best obtained in half-strength MS basal medium (solid) supplemented with NAA 1.0 mg/l, sucrose 30.0 g/l, agar 6.0 g/l in the presence of light. This treatment could produce 20.17 roots of 5.08 cm length. An increase of 2-8 roots/shoot could be observed after a period of one and a half-month. Ex . vitro rooting studies were not successful. All the plantlets survived in the different containers used. Coconut husk was found to be the best medium/container. Hardening the in vitro plantlets in a green house with misting facility recorded cent per cent survival. Survival of plantlets irrigated with nutrient solution as well as hormone spray solution was poor. An increase in shoot length, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, root number and root length by 2.72 cm, 1.06, 4.25 cm, 1.32 cm, 6.40 and 5.0 cm respectively could be observed after four months of planting out. The mean number of stomata per unit area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a were less in the leaves of in -vitro grown plantlets. Rate of water loss through leaves was greatest through the leaves of in vitro plantlets. The cost of production of a single orchid plantlet was found to be Rs. 3.68.