PhD Thesis
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Item Marker assisted backcrosiing for transferring fusarium wilt (fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum) resistance into yardlong bean (vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) verdcourt(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2023-07-03) Shahiba A M.; Jayalekshmy V GThe present study on “Marker assisted backcrossing for transferring Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum) resistance into Yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt)” was conducted in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani and Integrated Farming System Research Station (IFSRS), Karamana, during the year 2019-2022, with an objective to introgress Fusarium wilt resistant gene into yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdcourt) through marker-assisted backcrossing. From the study, the Fusarium oxysporum causing Fusarium wilt in cowpea was isolated from the Vellayani region, identified through morphological and molecular characterization, and the ITS sequence of the isolate was deposited in the NCBI database. The study also identified the sand: maize as the best medium for mass multiplication of the pathogen and 10% inoculum was standardized as the optimum level for inoculation for artificial screening for Fusarium wilt resistance in cowpea. The cowpea variety IRON was identified as a probable donor for Fusarium wilt resistance, and a transferable SSR marker from the chickpea, UASBC59 was identified for use as Fusarium wilt-resistant linked SSR marker in cowpea. The 35 BC2F1 lines found resistant to Fusarium wilt as part of the study could be used as breeding lines for developing promising varieties with commercial traits of Githika and Fusarium wilt resistance of IRONItem Genetic analysis in horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdcourt.) for fodder yield and quality(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,Vellayani, 2022-12-01) Asoontha; KAU; Arya, KItem Development of superior varieties in white seeded sesame for seed yield and oil content(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture,Vellayani, 2022-11-14) Thouseem N.; Arya KThe present study entitled “Development of superior varieties in white seeded sesame for seed yield and oil content’ was carried out at ORARS, Kayamkulam during 2019-2022. The objectives of the study were collection and evaluation of various genotypes of white seeded sesame for seed yield and oil content, to study the heterosis and combining ability and to develop superior segregants of white seeded sesame genotypes with high seed yield and oil content. The study consisted of five experiments. In the first experiment, thirty white seeded sesame genotypes obtained from different parts of India were assessed for genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis of seed yield and thirteen other traits. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the genotypes for all investigated characters. The genotype Gu. Til 4 and PCU-37 recorded highest seed yield plant-1 and oil content respectively. The seed yield plant-1 exhibited the highest GCV (43.59 %) and PCV (49.72%). Heritability was high for all the characters except maturity days (49.48%). The genetic advance was high for all the characters except 1000 seed weight, days for 50 per cent blooming, capsule length, protein content, oil content and maturity days. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for seed yield plant-1 , number of capsules per leaf axil, leaf area, dry matter production, number of capsules plant-1 , primary branches plant-1 , number of seeds capsule-1 and height of the plant indicating additive gene action. Hence selection based on these characters may be rewarding. The association analysis revealed that seed yield plant-1 has significant and positive correlation with number of capsules plant-1 , dry matter production, height of the plant, number of capsules per leaf axil, leaf area, primary branches plant-1 , number of seeds capsule-1 and capsule length. The high significant positive direct effect was recorded by number of capsules plant-1 , number of seeds capsule-1 , number of capsules per leaf axil and height of the plant with seed yield plant-1 . Among the thirty genotypes evaluated in experiment I, five high seed yielding genotypes (lines) viz., Gu. Til 4, VRI-3, Punjab Til No.2, RT-346 and PCU-42 and three genotypes with high oil content (testers) viz., PCU-37, PCU-38 and NIC-8322 were chosen and crossed in a Line x Tester mating design (experiment II) In experiment III, fifteen hybrid combinations obtained were raised in the field along with the parents and evaluated for heterosis and combining ability. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the characters among parents and crosses. The cross Gu. Til 4 x NIC-8322 manifested highest seed yield plant-1 followed by the crosses Gu. Til 4 x PCU-41 and RT-346 x PCU-37. Combining ability analysis demonstrated the dominance of non-additive gene action for most of the traits except number of capsules per leaf axil. Among the parents, Gu. Til 4 was the good general combiner as it displayed highly significant and positive gca effect for seed yield plant-1 . Among the crosses, highest significant sca effect for seed yield plant-1 was manifested by the cross RT-346 x PCU-37 followed by Punjab Til No.2 x PCU-37 and VRI-3 x PCU-41. The highest magnitude of standard heterosis along with high per se performances for seed yield plant-1 was observed in the cross Gu. Til 4 x NIC-8322 followed by Gu. Til 4 x PCU-41 and RT-346 x PCU-37. In experiment IV, F2 seeds obtained from the F1 hybrids were raised in the field. The highest number of transgressive segregants in the F2 generation for seed yield plant-1 was observed in the cross VRI-3 x PCU-41. From the F2 population, 110 transgressive segregants which were superior in yield were selected and forwarded to F3 generation. Forty superior segregants were identified and selected based on plant growth habit and yield contributing parameters. From the forty segregants, seven superior segregants with high seed yield, oil content and protein content were selected from six families of the crosses viz., Gu. Til 4 x NIC-8322, VRI-3 x PCU-41, Punjab Til No.2 x PCU-37, Punjab Til No.2 x PCU-41, RT-346 x PCU-37, PCU-42 x PCU-37. These superior segregants may be forwarded to advanced generations and yield trials for confirming their superiority and release as a variety.Item Gene action and gene expression analysis in tomato (Solanum iycopersicum L.) under moisture stress(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2021) Chippy, A K; Beena ThomasThe present investigation entitled ‘‘Gene action and gene expression analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under moisture stress” was conducted during the period 2017-2021, in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani. Thirty-two genotypes including local genotypes of tomato were collected from different sources and studied under three different experiments. In the first experiment, twenty-one F1 hybrids derived from the line x tester mating and their ten parents were transplanted in the field and the treatment mean sum of square due to genotypes was found to be highly significant for all the characters studied which would ultimately indicate diverse nature of selected genotypes. The mean performance showed wide range of variation for most of the characters studied. Among lines, L7 (Pusa Ruby) showed higher mean performance for all-out of nine characters viz., plant height, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, root length, root volume and relative water content. Among three testers, T2 (Kuttichal Local) showed favourable mean performance for seventeen traits viz., plant height, primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, vitamin C, total acidity, stomatal frequency, root length, root volume and proline content. Under moisture stress (Second experiment), among the lines, L7 (Pusa Ruby) showed higher mean performance for eleven characters viz., plant height, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, total soluble solids, root length, root volume and pollen viability. Among three testers, T2 (Kuttichal Local) showed favourable mean performance for sixteen traits viz., plant height, primary branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, total soluble solids, total acidity, stomatal frequency, root length, root volume and canopy temperature. Based on general combining ability analysis, the line L6 (Arka Alok) ranked as top by exhibiting significant gca effects for six traits viz., fruit length, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight, specific leaf area and root length. Among the testers, T3 (Kottayam Local) had superior gca effects for Days to 50% flowering, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, fruit length, fruit volume, yield per plot, total soluble solids, lycopene, titrable acidity canopy temperature and proline content. Under moisture stress, the line L3 (Akshaya) ranked as top by exhibiting significant gca effects for ten traits viz., primary branches per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot, stomatal frequency, specific leaf area, canopy temperature and pollen viability. Among the testers, T1 (Palakkad Local) had superior gca effects for plant height, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit girth, fruit volume, yield per plant, yield per plot, total soluble solids, relative water content, canopy temperature and proline content. In the case of hybrids, Based on mean performance, the crosses L1 x T1 (Vellayani Vijay x Palakkad Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T1 (Arka Meghali x Palakkad Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T3 (Arka Meghali x Kottayam Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local) and L6 x T3 (Arka Alok x Kottayam Local) were superior for different yield characters. Under moisture stress, Hybrids L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L7 x T2 (Pusa Ruby x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) were superior for yield based on mean value. Based on combining ability studies under normal field condition, identified superior crosses such as L1 x T1 (Vellayani Vijay x Palakkad Local), L2 x T1 (Anagha x Palakkad Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L3 x T3 (Akshaya x Kottayam Local), L4 x T1 (PKM 1 x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T3 (Arka Alok x Kottayam Local), L7 x T1 (Pusa Ruby x Palakkad Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) exhibited higher sca effects for yield per plant. Under moisture stress, identified superior crosses such as L1 x T2 (Vellayani Vijay x Kuttichal Local), L2 x T3 (Anagha x Kottayam Local), L3 x T1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local), L6 x T2 (Arka Alok x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) exhibited higher sca effects for yield per plant. Based on heterosis, Overall, nineteen hybrids (L1 x T1, L1 x T2, L1 x T3, L2 x T1, L2 x T2, L2 x T3, L3 x T1, L3 x T3, L4 x T1, L4 x T2, L4 x T3, L5 x T1, L5 x T2, L5 x T3, L6 x T1, L6 x T2, L6 x T3, L7 x T1 and L7 x T3) from twenty one crosses revealed significant and positive heterobeltiosis for yield per plant under normal field condition. In the case of gene action, dominance genetic variance (σ2D) is higher than additive genetic variance (σ2A) was observed for all the traits under normal field condition and water stress condition, indicating that traits are controlled by non-additive gene action. Correlation study revealed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with the traits viz., primary branches per plant, number of flowering clusters per plant, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit girth, fruit volume, fruit weight and yield per plot. Based on qRT-PCR, the expression of both genes (moisture stress related genesSlDREB 1 and SlWRKY 4) was upregulated under water stress in all selected genotypes and the expression was more than moisture stress tolerant check variety. The result is in accordance with the analysis of moisture stress related physiological characters in these genotypes in the field under stress. From the study, identified tolerant sources for moisture stress viz., Akshaya, Pusa Ruby and Kuttichal Local, these lines and tester can be used in breeding programmes for moisture stress tolerance. Based on mean performance and gca, the genotypes Vellayani Vijay, Akshaya, Arka Meghali, Arka Alok and Kottayam local which showed superiority in yield and fruit quality traits can be used for breeding for improvement of yield and quality traits. The hybrids L3xT1 (Akshaya x Palakkad Local), L4 x T2 (PKM 1 x Kuttichal Local), L5 x T2 (Arka Meghali x Kuttichal Local) and L7 x T3 (Pusa Ruby x Kottayam Local) which showed superiority for yield and quality characters with tolerance to moisture stress can be recommended for release after yield trials.Item Heterosis breeding in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.).(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2011) Gayathri, G; Dijee BastianThe study entitled ‘Heterosis breeding in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)’ was undertaken at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara. The objectives of the study were to collect and evaluate different genotypes of sesame for morphological traits and yield attributes, to identify useful parents producing heterotic crosses and developing hybrids in sesame. The study also intended to develop male sterile lines in sesame through interspecific hybridization with Sesamum malabaricum. Sesamum indicum and Sesamum malabaricum accessions were collected from Kerala and Tamil Nadu and evaluated for their morphological traits. Wide range of variation was noticed for characters like plant height, number of days to flowering and seed yield per plant which contributed maximum to genetic divergence. The genotypes studied were grouped into six clusters. High genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was recorded for number of capsules per plant, plant height, seed yield per plant and number of branches per plant. High heritability with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for number of days to flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. This indicates that the characters are governed by additive gene effects and selection for these traits will be effective. Association analysis revealed that seed yield per plant was correlated to plant height, number of capsules per plant and number of days to flowering. Path coefficient analysis indicated maximum positive direct effect by number of capsules per plant, capsule length, plant height and 1000 seed weight on seed yield per plant. In order to develop hybrids, fourteen parents were selected based on the per se performance of the genotypes. They were crossed in line X tester mating design. Forty eight hybrid combinations obtained were raised in the field along with the parents and evaluated for their heterosis and combining ability effects. Parental genotypes AVTS-06-5, AVTS-06-10, IVTS-06-12, KYM-1, Tilak and TMV-6 were identified as high combiners based on general combining ability (gca) effects. Two combinations viz. AVTS-06-5 X KYM-1 and IVTS-06-12 X TMV-3 had significant values of per se performance, specific combining ability (sca) effects and standard heterosis for seed yield per plant. They can be evaluated for their hybrid vigour over locations and seasons. The crosses AVTS-06-5 X TMV-3, AVTS-06-5 X TMV-6 and TCR 3279A X KYM-1 have been identified as potential cross combinations for isolation of promising segregants as the parents involved in these crosses had high significant gca effects for seed yield per plant but the hybrids recorded non significant sca effects. Interspecific hybridization between S.malabaricum and S.indicum was attempted to develop male sterile lines. Seed set was noticed in three interspecific hybrids which failed to germinate due to embryo abortion. Hence these embryos were rescued and raised in vitro to obtain the hybrids.Item Biochemical and molecular characterisation of njavara types of rice (Oryza sativa L.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2005) Sanal Kumar, P; Elsy, C RCharacterisation and evaluation of Njavara types of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was under taken in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics and Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2001 - 2005 with the aim to characterise the Njavara genotypes based on morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics, to evaluate its nutritional qualities and to analyse the stability of quantitative and nutritional traits. Morphological characterisation indicated that seven Njavara genotypes included in the present study exhibited similarity among themselves and with check variety for most of the qualitative characters. Some variations were observed with panicle type, panicle axis, apiculus colour, lemma and palea colour, seed coat colour and presence of awn. The Njavara genotypes viz., N1 and N2 (both Njavara types from Chittoor, Palakad) and N6 (Njavara type from Alwaye, Ernakulam) showed lemma and palea colour of black patches or furrows on straw background with black coloured apiculus, N3 and N4 (both Njavara types from Telllicherry, Kannur) showed lemma and palea colour of brown furrows on straw background with brown coloured apiculus, while N5 (Njavara type from Kottakkal, Malappuram) and N7 (Njavara type from Thrissur) showed a lemma and palea colour of gold furrows on straw background with an apiculus colour of straw. Njavara genotypes showed lesser days to maturity (67.9 to 79.1 days) with an average grain yield for Njavara genotypes ranging between 945.56 kg ha-1 and 2127.14 kg ha-1 was low compared to that of check varieties (2491.73 kg ha-1). Majority of the Njavara genotypes expressed high protein content than check varieties. The geotypes N2 and N6 were recommended to be included in weaning and invalid foods and diets during pregnancy and lactation. The genotypes N1, N2, N6 and N7 appeared to have better nutritive value based on the content of free amino acids. Most of the Njavara genotypes had intermediate amylose content ensuring consumer acceptance. Among the Njavara genotypes N3 has highest soluble carbohydrate content while others showed medium soluble carbohydrate content and are desirable as component of weaning and invalid food due to reduced gelatinization period and easy digestibility. Variability studies indicated that grain yield, straw yield and amylase activity provided a good genetic base for selection. The Njavara genotypes showed high heritability with high genetic gain for quantitative and nutritional characters. Correlation studies revealed that grain yield showed high positive correlation with high leaf width, days to 50 per cent heading, panicle length, days to maturity, straw yield, 1000 grain weight, grain width and amylose content. Nutritive factors like protein content and soluble carbohydrate content showed significant negative genotypic correlation with grain yield. Genotype x environment interaction showed that, N1 was stable for plant height panicle length, straw yield and protein content where as N2 was stable for traits like days to 50 per cent heading, culm diameter, days to maturity, grain yield, grain width and amylose content. N3 was stable for leaf length, days to 50 per cent heading and amylase activity where as N4 for leaf length and leaf width. The performance of N5 was stable for seedling height, plant height, panicle length, days to maturity, grain length and width, protein content, free amino acid content and amylose content while N6 was stable for ligule length, culm number, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, soluble carbohydrate content, free amino acid content and amylase activity. N7 had recorded stable performance for 1000 grain weight and soluble carbohydrate content. Biochemical characterisation indicated the possibility of utilising alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism for identifying Njavara as a cultivar and also for identification of Njavara genotypes N1, N6 and N7. RAPD analysis of Njavara genotypes revealed good amplification with polymorphism for primers OPE 4, 6 and 16, OPP 7, 11, 12 and 19 and amplification with primers OPE 6, OPP 6 and OPP 11 exhibited unique bands for Njavara genotypes. The dendrogram drawn with two molecular markers viz., isozyme and RAPD revealed that the Njavara genotypes were grouped in one cluster whereas check varieties in another.Item Heterosis breeding and in vitro mutagenesis in pineapple(ananas comosus[L] merr.)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2004) Kuriakose, K P; Pushkaran, KItem Genetic analysis of yield and leaf curl virus resistance in chilli(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Muthuswami, A; Abdul Khader, K MItem Genetic analysis of yield and resistance to anthraconse in chilli(Capsicum annuum L)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2004) Ajith, P M; Manju, PItem Genetic analysis of yield and quality attributes in fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)(Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2003) Radhika, V S; Suma Bai, D I